In 1991, the poinsettia strain, silverleaf whitefly or B biotype of Bemisia tabaci was detected in Brazil. This variant is a far more serious agricultural pest than the previously prevalent non-B (BR) biotype. The correct identification of B. tabaci is problematic since it is highly polymorphic with extreme plasticity in key morphological characters that vary according to the host. RAPD-PCR was used to survey the B biotype and other biotypes of B. tabaci in Brazil. Whiteflies were collected from cultivated plants and weeds from 57 different localities and on 27 distinct crops. RAPD analyses using two selected 10-mer primers reliably identified the BR biotype and the B biotype of B. tabaci and also differentiated other whitefly species. The presence of the B biotype was confirmed in 20 Brazilian states. The BR and B biotypes of B. tabaci were found to coexist in the whitefly populations of three different localities: Jaboticabal, SP; Rondonópolis and Cuiabá, MT, and Goiânia, GO.

Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) was considered a secondary pest in Brazil until 1990, despite being an efficient geminivirus vector in beans and soybean. In 1991, a new biotype, known as B. tabaci B biotype (=B. argentifolii) was detected attacking weed plants and causing phytotoxic problems in Cucurbitaceae. Nowadays, B. tabaci is considered one of the most damaging whitefly pests in agricultural systems worldwide that transmits more than 60 different plant viruses. Little is known about the genetic variability of these populations in Brazil. Knowledge of the genetic variation within whitefly populations is necessary for their efficient control and management. The objectives of the present study were to use RAPD markers (1) to estimate the genetic diversity of B. tabaci populations, (2) to study the genetic relationships among B. tabaci biotypes and two other whitefly species and (3) to discriminate between B. tabaci biotypes. A sample of 109 B. tabaci female individuals obtained from 12 populations in Brazil were analyzed and compared to the A biotype from Arizona (USA) and B biotype from California (USA) and Paraguay. Trialeurodes vaporariorum and Aleurodicus cocois samples were also included. A total of 72 markers were generated by five RAPD primers and used in the analysis. All primers produced RAPD patterns that clearly distinguished the Bemisia biotypes and the two other whitefly species. Results also showed that populations of the B biotype have considerable genetic variability. An average Jaccard similarity of 0.73 was observed among the B biotype individuals analyzed. Cluster analysis demonstrated that, in general, Brazilian biotype B individuals are scattered independently in the localities where samples were collected. Nevertheless, some clusters were evident, joining individuals according to the host plants. AMOVA showed that most of the total genetic variation is found within populations (56.70%), but a significant portion of the variation is found between crops (22.73%). The present study showed that the B biotype is disseminated throughout the sampled areas, infesting several host plants and predominates over the A biotype.

Trichoderma harzianum is an effective biocontrol agent of several important plant pathogenic fungi. This Trichoderma species attacks other fungi by secreting lytic enzymes, including p-1,3-glucanase and chitinolytic enzymes. Superior biocontrol potential may then be found in strains having a high capacity to produce these enzymes. We have therefore evaluated the capacity of six unidentified Trichoderma spp. isolates to produce chitinolytic enzymes and a-1,3-glucanases in comparison with T. harzianum 39.1. All six isolates demonstrated substantial enzyme activity. However, while the isolates hereafter called T2, T3,, T5, and T7 produced lower amounts of enzymes, the activity of isolates T4 and T6 were 2-3 fold higher than that produced by T. harzianum 39.1. A chitinase produced by the T6 isolate was purified by a single ion-exchange chromatography step and had a molecular mass of 46 kDa. The N-terminal amino-acid sequence showed very high homology with other fungal chitinases. Its true chitinase activity was demonstrated by its action on chitin and the failure to hydrolyze laminarin and p-nitrophenyl-~i-N-acetylglucosaminide. The hydrolytic action of the purified chitinase on the cell wall of Sclerotium rolfsii was convincingly shown by electron microscopy studies. However, the purified enzyme had no effect on the cell wall of Rhizoctonia solani.

-Aedes aegypti (L.) is an important vector of diseases such as the yellow fever and dengue, present in tropical and subtropical regions. The objective of this study was to analyze the genetic variability of different A. aegypti populations using RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) markers as a basic study to support the use of biocontrol strategies. DNA of ten collected larvae from three different populations were analyzed using ten RAPD primers. The results indicated the existence of genetic variability inter and intrapopulation. This was confirmed by a dendrogram that grouped the populations in two main clusters with a genetic similarity of 24%. In one of these clusters, it was possible to distinguish two populations that showed 50% similarity. The molecular variance analysis indicated that the interpopulation genetic diversity (55,01%) was higher than the intrapopulation genetic diversity (44,99%). A high genetic polymorphism (H t = 0.2656) and high levels of genetic differentiation between populations (G st = 0.3689) were found. The adopted DNA extraction protocol proved to be efficient regardless the insect development stage used, avoiding the addition of reagents or additional stages of processing. Future experiments can be performed to confirm if the detected variability is related to the resistance characteristics of each population to a determined pesticide.KEY WORDS: Dengue vector, population genetic, resistance RESUMO -Aedes aegypti (L.) é vetor de importantes doenças como a febre amarela e a dengue, presentes em regiões tropicais e subtropicais. Para o sucesso no seu controle biológico é importante conhecer a estrutura genética e os mecanismos que resultaram na diversidade das populações. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a variabilidade genética de diferentes populações de A. aegypti utilizando marcadores de RAPD (Polimorfismo de DNA amplificado ao acaso). DNA de dez larvas coletadas a partir de três populações de diferentes localidades foi analisado usando dez iniciadores de RAPD. Os resultados indicaram a existência de variabilidade genética inter e intrapopulacional. Isso foi confirmado por um dendrograma que agrupou as populações em dois blocos principais com similaridade genética de 24%. Em um desses agrupamentos foi possível distinguir duas populações que apresentaram grau de similaridade de 50%. A diversidade genética entre as populações (55,01%) foi mais elevada que a diversidade genética dentro das populações (44,99%) aplicando-se análise por AMOVA. Altos níveis de polimorfismo genético (H t = 0.2656) e de diferenciação genética entre as populações (G st = 0.3689) foram observados. Além disso, o protocolo de extração de DNA adotado mostrou-se eficiente para a análise do inseto independente do seu estágio de desenvolvimento, evitando-se o acréscimo de reagentes ou etapas adicionais de processamento. Futuros experimentos poderão ser realizados para confirmar se a variabilidade observada pode estar ligada às características de resistência de cada população a um determinado pest...

The Bemisia tabaci complex is formed by approximately 41 biotypes, two of which (B and BR) occur in Brazil. In this work we aimed at obtaining genetic markers to assess the genetic diversity of the different biotypes. In order to do that we analyzed Bemisia tabaci biotypes B, BR, Q and Cassava using molecular techniques including RAPD, PCR-RFLP and sequencing of the ITS1 rDNA region. The analyses revealed a high similarity between the individuals of the B and Q biotypes, which could be distinguished from the BR individuals. A phylogenetic tree based on ITS1 rDNA sequence was constructed. This is the first report of the ITS1 rDNA sequence of Bemisia tuberculata and of the BR biotype of B. tabaci.