Valorization of Tropical Biomass Waste by Supercritical Fluid Extraction Technology

Abstract

The inception of sustainable and cleaner extraction technology has paved the way for the innovative development of nonconventional extractions, such as supercritical fluid extraction, apart from conventional extraction counterparts. The concept of biomass waste-to-wealth for the conversion of biomass waste or by-products into value-added products for diversified applications had piqued the prominent interest of researchers and industry players, especially with the abundance of biomass resources readily available in tropical regions that have yet to be tapped into to reach their full potential. In this paper, a critical review of the developments of supercritical fluid technology from its initial inception up to commercialized scalability, including its limitations, extraction of potential tropical biomass wastes for various types of applications, such as biopesticides, bio-repellents, phenolics, and lipids for biofuel, and its role in circular bioeconomy and sustainable development approaches, are discussed in detail.

Metabolomics as a Tool to Study Underused Soy Parts: In Search of Bioactive Compounds

“…Metabolomics has emerged as one of the principal contributors to enhancing the identification of these compounds, generating innovative discoveries and supporting the development of novel products [1]. Progress in efficient extraction techniques, such as ultrasound, microwave, and pulsed-electric-field-assisted extractions, as well as supercritical fluid and pressurized liquid extractions, among others, generate extracts with a higher yield and bioactivity [2][3][4][5][6]. Once these extracts are generated, they can be analyzed with one or more powerful chromatography and/or electrophoresis techniques coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), producing accurate chemical information on a vast number of compounds [7][8][9][10][11][12].…”

Alternative Extraction and Downstream Purification Processes for Anthocyanins

“…Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is an environmentally friendly separation process based on the use of supercritical fluids as an alternative to organic solvents to extract target components from a solid matrix [70,71]. A supercritical fluid is defined as a substance above its critical temperature and pressure, exhibiting low viscosity and relatively high diffusivity, which provide appreciable penetrating power in the solid matrix with a rapid mass transfer rate [72][73][74][75][76]. Moreover, supercritical fluids have a density close to liquids that can be easily modified by tuning the pressure and the temperature [72,[74][75][76].…”

“…A supercritical fluid is defined as a substance above its critical temperature and pressure, exhibiting low viscosity and relatively high diffusivity, which provide appreciable penetrating power in the solid matrix with a rapid mass transfer rate [72][73][74][75][76]. Moreover, supercritical fluids have a density close to liquids that can be easily modified by tuning the pressure and the temperature [72,[74][75][76]. Generally, the targeted compound solubility increases with the increase of the extraction pressure, which is directly a result of the increased solvent density [76,77].…”

“…Although several fluids have been used for SFE, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is by far most attractive and has been most widely used in food applications. CO 2 present several advantages including mild critical conditions (31.1 • C and 73.8 bar) that are easily attainable, non-toxic, non-inflammable, non-explosive, relatively inert to several media, inexpensive and readily available in pure form [72,[74][75][76][77][78][79]. Due to these characteristics, the European Food Safety Authority and the United States Food and Drug Administration have assigned CO 2 as a generally recognized as safe solvent.…”

Environmental friendly application of ultrasonic rays for extraction of natural colorant from Harmal (P. harmala) for dyeing of bio-mordanted silk

“…In place of such chemicals, now plant-based mordants are used which not only can give the variety of shades but also have ability to valorize the dyeing process by giving good to excellent fastness ratings. 22,23 For getting effective isolation of functional and potent bio-molecules (natural colorant), new modern methods such as microwave, 24,25 ultrasonic, 26,27 gamma rays, 28 Ultraviolet, 29 plasma, 30 supercritical fluid, 31 etc., are now taking considerable attention due to their cost, time, and energy effective nature. Ultrasonic rays (U.S. rays) are considered as uniform and leveled heating sources with excellent energy transfer mechanism into the isolation system.…”