Valorization of solid and liquid wastes from palm oil industry

Letti, Luiz Alberto Júnior; Woiciechowski, Adenise Lorenci; Medeiros, Adriane Bianchi Pedroni; Rodrigues, Cristine; Carvalho, Júlio César de; Vandenberghe, Luciana Porto de Souza; Karp, Susan Grace; Torres, Luis Alberto Zevallos; Guarnizo, Andrés Felipe Camargo; Colonia, Brigitte Sthepani Orozco; Siqueira, Joyce Guerios Wanderlei; Valladares-Diestra, Kim Kley; Cavali, Matheus; Burgos, Walter José Martinez; Soccol, Carlos Ricardo

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821879-2.00009-0

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 140 publications

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“…In Fig. 4, an example of comparison of ultimate analyses of the chosen samples with other studies is shown [35,[44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52]. In all of the works, there is a little difference in the ultimate analytical results of the feedstock samples.…”

Section: Composition (%)mentioning

confidence: 84%

“…3 [35,[44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52]. All of the works show a minor difference in the proximate analysis results of the feedstock samples.…”

Section: Composition (%)mentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Cost estimation is a difficult task, and data should preferably be collected from demonstration plants, though process modeling and literature information can also be useful [35]. Capital expenses (CAPEX) include plant costs (infrastructure including piping and instrumentation) off-site costs (boilers and power generation units, offices), and engineering costs as estimated in Eqs.…”

Section: Techno-economic Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Capital expenses (CAPEX) include plant costs (infrastructure including piping and instrumentation) off-site costs (boilers and power generation units, offices), and engineering costs as estimated in Eqs. 7 and 8; and operational costs or expenditures (OPEX), which are further subdivided into fixed and variable costs [35]. Salaries, license fees, taxes, marketing costs, and so on are examples of fixed costs, whereas variable costs are those directly related to production volume, such as feedstock, packaging, and waste management, as evaluated in Eqs.…”

Section: Techno-economic Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Salaries, license fees, taxes, marketing costs, and so on are examples of fixed costs, whereas variable costs are those directly related to production volume, such as feedstock, packaging, and waste management, as evaluated in Eqs. 9-14 [35]. The return on investment (ROI) (Eq.…”

Section: Techno-economic Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Conversion of oil palm waste into value-added products through pyrolysis: a sensitivity and techno-economic investigation

Parthasarathy

Alherbawi

Shahbaz

et al. 2022

Biomass Conv. Bioref.

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In this study, an empirical model for the pyrolysis of major oil palm wastes (OPW) such as palm kernel shell (PKS), empty fruit bunches (EFB), and oil palm frond (OPF), and their blends is developed. Moreover, the techno-economic feasibility of the wastes is investigated to determine the type of waste that would be suitable for the commercialization of different types of products. According to the model results, the bio-oil dominates the pyrolysis process’ product output, accounting for 59.21, 50.51, 56.60, and 55.65% of PKS, EFB, OPF, and their blend, respectively. Whereas biochar yield is 23.21, 23.1, 22.95, and 23.08%, gas yield is 17.57, 26.38, 20.44, and 21.27%. The findings demonstrate that the feedstocks under consideration are mostly suitable for producing bio-oil. According to the economic analysis, PKS-based pyrolysis has the highest capital expenses (CAPEX), while EFB-based pyrolysis has the lowest CAPEX of all tested feedstocks. Furthermore, PKS has the highest operating expenses (OPEX) due to its relatively higher market price as well as higher moisture content, which necessitates more energy input during the drying stage. Among the feedstocks, OPF has delivered the highest profit of USD 17 M/year, with a 22% return on investment (ROI). In terms of investment capital payback period, all OPW feedstocks demonstrated a reasonable period of 4–6 years. Bio-oil is the most valuable pyrolysis product, with the highest market value when compared to biochar and syngas. The established prediction model can be utilized as a solid reference for biomass pyrolysis modelling studies. Furthermore, the predicted values are reasonable enough to be used in industrial process design.

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Section: Composition (%)mentioning

confidence: 84%

“…3 [35,[44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52]. All of the works show a minor difference in the proximate analysis results of the feedstock samples.…”

Section: Composition (%)mentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Techno-economic Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Techno-economic Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Techno-economic Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Conversion of oil palm waste into value-added products through pyrolysis: a sensitivity and techno-economic investigation

Parthasarathy

Alherbawi

Shahbaz

et al. 2022

Biomass Conv. Bioref.

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Advanced technologies on the sustainable approaches for conversion of organic waste to valuable bioproducts: Emerging circular bioeconomy perspective

Ashokkumar

Flora²,

Venkatkarthick³

et al. 2022

Fuel

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Lignin from Residual Sawdust of Eucalyptus spp.—Isolation, Characterization, and Evaluation of the Antioxidant Properties

Tavares

Cavali

Tanobe

et al. 2022

Biomass

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Lignin is an abundant biopolymer, as well as cellulose and hemicellulose. Thus, this work aimed at isolating and characterizing the lignin from Eucalyptus spp. Sawdust—a lignocellulosic waste generated in large amounts in sawmills—to evaluate its antioxidant capacity. A biorefinery perspective was utilized: the biomass was fractionated using a sequential acid-alkaline treatment to recover the hemicellulosic carbohydrates, preserving the cellulose-rich solid fraction and isolating the lignin. The physicochemical characterization of isolated lignin was carried out using thermogravimetric (TGA), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses, while the antioxidant property was evaluated employing electron transfer and using DPPH and ABTS assays. After sequential acid-alkaline treatment, 68.15% of the hemicellulosic carbohydrates were recovered using mild acid treatment. The specific yield of lignin was 69.38%, and the remaining solid fraction contained 60.42% of cellulose. The antioxidant activity of lignin was evaluated using a DPPH radical test, and it showed an inhibition of 81.58% and IC50 of 60 μg/mL. For the ABTS test, the inhibition was 99.86%, and the IC50 was 7.39 µg/mL. Therefore, the lignin isolated from residual eucalyptus sawdust using sequential acid-alkaline treatment presented interesting antioxidant properties, which should be further investigated and evaluated for different applications.

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Valorization of solid and liquid wastes from palm oil industry

Cited by 6 publications

References 140 publications

Conversion of oil palm waste into value-added products through pyrolysis: a sensitivity and techno-economic investigation

Conversion of oil palm waste into value-added products through pyrolysis: a sensitivity and techno-economic investigation

Advanced technologies on the sustainable approaches for conversion of organic waste to valuable bioproducts: Emerging circular bioeconomy perspective

Lignin from Residual Sawdust of Eucalyptus spp.—Isolation, Characterization, and Evaluation of the Antioxidant Properties

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