Valorization of Chitosan as Food Waste of Aquatic Organisms into 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural by Sulfamic Acid‐Catalyzed Conversion Process

Abstract

Chitosan is a potential renewable marine‐derived resource for bioenergy production. In this study, sulfamic acid, which has dual active sites and a green catalyst, was introduced for the conversion of chitosan, which can be recovered from crustacean shells as food waste of aquatic organisms, into platform chemicals, such as 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural and levulinic acid. By optimization of sulfamic acid‐catalyzed hydrothermal conversion conditions, a 21.48 % 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural yield was achieved under the 200 °C, 3 % (w/w) chitosan, 0.7 M sulfamic acid, 2 min condition. Under the same conditions, a 0.48 % yield of levulinic acid was obtained. These results demonstrate the potential of sulfamic acid and chitosan for applications in the field of bioenergy production.

Progress in Catalytic Conversion of Renewable Chitin Biomass to Furan-Derived Platform Compounds

“…In addition to H 2 SO 4 , Jeong's group has also studied the synthesis of HMF and levulinic acid over other Bronsted acids [22][23][24]. Sulfamic acid bearing both acidic and basic sites has nonvolatile, odorless, nonhygroscopic, and noncorrodible physical properties.…”

“…Under the acidic conditions, the amine group in GlcNH 2 is eliminated through a deamination reaction, and the further dehydration and keto-enol tautomerization afford HMF. Under harsh conditions (i.e., strong acidic medium), HMF is remarkably unstable, which reduces the yield of HMF and produces byproducts (i.e., levulinic acid, humins) [22]. Another example using Bronsted acid is methanesulfonic acid [23].…”

“…Possible reaction pathways of HMF formation from chitosan by sulfamic acid-catalyzed hydrothermal conversion. Adapted with permission from Ref [22]…”

Production of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural from Chitin Biomass: A Review

“…Therefore, it is often used as a substitute for conventional acid catalysts to discover new chemical reactions and processes [68]. Some studies have used NH 2 SO 3 H to catalyze degradation of lignocellulose [69], and Jeong et al [70] successfully applied NH 2 SO 3 H to chitin biomass conversion to HMF for the first time. They used 0.7 M NH 2 SO 3 H to catalyze 3% (w/w) chitosan conversion at 200 • C, achieving a high yield of 21.5% in 2 min.…”

Homogeneously Synchronous Degradation of Chitin into Carbon Dots and Organic Acids in Aqueous Solution

“…Due to its biodegradability and biocompatibility, as well as its chemical and thermal stability, chitin is one of the abundant nitrogen-containing biomacromolecules that can be used to produce nitrogenous chemicals . Recently, the degradation of chitin and its monomer into value-added materials and organic compounds has gradually received more attention, and the products include 3-acetylamino-5-acetylfuran, levulinic acid (LA), and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), etc. − In 2018, Gao established a system for directly converting chitin and shrimp shells, and converted chitin into acetic acid over metal oxides catalyst and oxygen in NaOH solution without dissolving . This study showed that chitin is a high-quality feedstock for the production of acetic acid (AA) in biomass resources.…”