Production of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural from Chitin Biomass: A Review

Abstract

Chitin biomass, a rich renewable resource, is the second most abundant natural polysaccharide after cellulose. Conversion of chitin biomass to high value-added chemicals can play a significant role in alleviating the global energy crisis and environmental pollution. In this review, the recent achievements in converting chitin biomass to high-value chemicals, such as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), under different conditions using chitin, chitosan, glucosamine, and N-acetylglucosamine as raw materials are summarized. Related research on pretreatment technology of chitin biomass is also discussed. New approaches for transformation of chitin biomass to HMF are also proposed. This review promotes the development of industrial technologies for degradation of chitin biomass and preparation of HMF. It also provides insight into a sustainable future in terms of renewable resources.

Synthesis of High Performance Thiophene–Aromatic Polyesters from Bio-Sourced Organic Acids and Polysaccharide-Derived Diol: Characterization and Degradability Studies

“…1,6-Hexanediol (HDO) can be synthesized via hydrogenolytic ring opening of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), a dehydration product of hexoses or reducing-end units of polysaccharides [ 48 , 49 ]. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) formation from carbohydrates has been the topic of several studies [ 50 , 51 , 52 ]. The degradation of biomass polysaccharide materials like cellulose [ 53 , 54 ], chitin [ 50 ] and chitosan [ 51 , 52 , 55 , 56 ], which yields reducing ends utilized in HMF synthesis was reported.…”

“…5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) formation from carbohydrates has been the topic of several studies [ 50 , 51 , 52 ]. The degradation of biomass polysaccharide materials like cellulose [ 53 , 54 ], chitin [ 50 ] and chitosan [ 51 , 52 , 55 , 56 ], which yields reducing ends utilized in HMF synthesis was reported. The production of HMF from chitin biomass has been recently reviewed by Zhou et al [ 50 ].…”

“…The degradation of biomass polysaccharide materials like cellulose [ 53 , 54 ], chitin [ 50 ] and chitosan [ 51 , 52 , 55 , 56 ], which yields reducing ends utilized in HMF synthesis was reported. The production of HMF from chitin biomass has been recently reviewed by Zhou et al [ 50 ]. Besides, the depolymerization of chitosan by nitrous deamination can facilitate the cleavage of the glycosidic bond next to the produced 2,5-anhydro- D -mannofuranose (AMF) unit and, thereby the formation of HMF [ 51 , 52 ].…”

Mesoporous Porphyrin-Silica Nanocomposite as Solid Acid Catalyst for High Yield Synthesis of HMF in Water

“…High-density solid acids covalently embedded on a recyclable support [7] Molecules 2021, 26, 2519 2 of 13 may catalyze this conversion processes very efficiently. HMF produced through solid acid catalysts, e.g., AlCl 3 , SnCl 4 , polyoxometalates, WO 3 /SO 3 H-containing zirconia and cation exchange resins, show relatively lower product yield and poor selectivity in water [8][9][10]. Early research carried out with FeCl 3 , either in a batch reaction or using a continuous flow micro-reactor, shows promising advantages for fructose conversion to HMF in high yields [11].…”

Preparation of 1-Hydroxy-2,5-hexanedione from HMF by the Combination of Commercial Pd/C and Acetic Acid

“…Glucose, fructose and other carbohydrates, which are renewable every year in nature, are promising candidates for renewable resources [1][2][3]. The carbohydrate compounds can be readily dehydrated in the presence of acid to form 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), levulinic acid or lactic acid as critical platform compounds [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17].…”