Validity of the Water Hammer Formula for Determining Regional Aortic Pulse Wave Velocity: Comparison of One-Point and Two-Point (Foot-to-Foot) Measurements Using a Multisensor Catheter in Human

Hanya, S

doi:10.3400/avd.oa.13-00046

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(17 reference statements)

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“…CCA characteristic impedance (Zc) was calculated by re-arranging the Water-Hammer equation as Zc = ( PWVx ρ)/ A , where ρ is blood density (assumed constant 1.055 kg/cm 3 ) and A is carotid area. A one-point pulse wave velocity (PWV) was derived from local wave speed ( c ) as (β P/2 ρ) 1/2 (Harada et al, 2002 ; Hanya, 2013 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of acute resistance exercise on carotid artery stiffness and cerebral blood flow pulsatility

2014

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Arterial stiffness is associated with cerebral flow pulsatility. Arterial stiffness increases following acute resistance exercise (RE). Whether this acute RE-induced vascular stiffening affects cerebral pulsatility remains unknown. Purpose: To investigate the effects of acute RE on common carotid artery (CCA) stiffness and cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFv) pulsatility. Methods: Eighteen healthy men (22 ± 1 yr; 23.7 ± 0.5 kg·m−2) underwent acute RE (5 sets, 5-RM bench press, 5 sets 10-RM bicep curls with 90 s rest intervals) or a time control condition (seated rest) in a randomized order. CCA stiffness (β-stiffness, Elastic Modulus (Ep)) and hemodynamics (pulsatility index, forward wave intensity, and reflected wave intensity) were assessed using a combination of Doppler ultrasound, wave intensity analysis and applanation tonometry at baseline and 3 times post-RE. CBFv pulsatility index was measured with transcranial Doppler at the middle cerebral artery (MCA). Results: CCA β-stiffness, Ep and CCA pulse pressure significantly increased post-RE and remained elevated throughout post-testing (p < 0.05). No changes in MCA or CCA pulsatility index were observed (p > 0.05). There were significant increases in forward wave intensity post-RE (p < 0.05) but not reflected wave intensity (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Although acute RE increases CCA stiffness and pressure pulsatility, it does not affect CCA or MCA flow pulsatility. Increases in pressure pulsatility may be due to increased forward wave intensity and not pressure from wave reflections.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of acute resistance exercise on carotid artery stiffness and cerebral blood flow pulsatility

2014

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“…Wave speed (i.e. local PWV) can also be calculated from the ratio of the change in pressure and change in flow velocity during early systole when it is assumed that reflected waves are minimal (Hughes & Parker , Hanya ). Wave speed or characteristic impedance can be used to separate the measured pressure (P) and flow (Q) waveforms into their forward ( P f , Q f ) and backward ( P b , Q b ) components (Westerhof et al .…”

Section: Travelling Wavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of wave mechanics in the pulmonary artery with an emphasis on wave intensity analysis

Hilberg

Howard

et al. 2016

Acta Physiologica

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Mean pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) remain the most common haemodynamic measures to evaluate the severity and prognosis of pulmonary hypertension. However, PVR only captures the non-oscillatory component of the right ventricular hydraulic load and neglects the dynamic compliance of the pulmonary arteries and the contribution of wave transmission. Wave intensity analysis offers an alternative way to assess the pulmonary vasculature in health and disease. Wave speed is a measure of arterial stiffness, and the magnitude and timing of wave reflection provide information on the degree of impedance mismatch between the proximal and distal circulation. Studies in the pulmonary artery have demonstrated distinct differences in arterial wave propagation between individuals with and without pulmonary vascular disease. Notably, greater wave speed and greater wave reflection are observed in patients with pulmonary hypertension and in animal models exposed to hypoxia. Studying wave propagation makes a valuable contribution to the assessment of the arterial system in pulmonary hypertension, and here, we briefly review the current state of knowledge of the methods used to evaluate arterial waves in the pulmonary artery.

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“…In the water hammer equation, pulse pressure is calculated as follows:

normalΔ p = ρ \times U \times italicPWV ([], Pa)

where Δ p is the pulse pressure and ρ is the blood's density 9 . This equation assumes that blood density is a constant number (1.05 g/mL) that is not dependent on gestation age and that blood flow velocity is half of the maximum laminar flow velocity, based on the Hagen‐Poiseuille law.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasound measurement of fetal arterial pulse pressure using phased‐tracking methods: A phantom study and clinical experience with antenatal corticosteroid therapy

Muromoto

Murotsuki

Miyashita

et al. 2020

J of Obstet and Gynaecol

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Aim: This study aimed to compare the accuracy of fetal pulse pressure estimated with a vascular simulator with that obtained by a manometer (reference) and evaluate the pulse pressure in normal human fetuses and fetuses whose mothers received corticosteroids. Methods: Fetal pulse pressure was estimated as the product of blood flow velocity and pulse wave velocity, based on the water hammer equation. Ultrasonic raw radiofrequency signals for blood flow velocity were captured from the fetal descending aortas at the diaphragm level, and pulse wave velocity was simultaneously measured from different directions using the phased-tracking method. First, the precision and accuracy of pulse pressure in the estimated method were verified by a circulatory phantom simulator, which reproduced fetal blood flow using a pulsating pump. Then, the pulse pressure of 98 normal human fetuses after 17 weeks of gestation and the fetal pulse pressure in 21 mothers who received antenatal corticosteroids for fetal maturation were measured. Results: A significant correlation between the estimated pulse pressure values and the actual values was found in the phantom simulation (r = 0.99, P < 0.01). The estimated pulse pressure was significantly correlated with gestational age in normal fetuses (r = 0.74, P < 0.01). In steroid-treated pregnant women, fetal pulse pressure was observed to increase significantly on the second day of administration (P < 0.01). Conclusion: A noninvasive and accurate estimation model of fetal pulse pressure could be established using phased-tracking method, and this method has the potential to improve the assessment of human fetal hemodynamics.

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Validity of the Water Hammer Formula for Determining Regional Aortic Pulse Wave Velocity: Comparison of One-Point and Two-Point (Foot-to-Foot) Measurements Using a Multisensor Catheter in Human

Cited by 9 publications

References 21 publications

Effect of acute resistance exercise on carotid artery stiffness and cerebral blood flow pulsatility

Effect of acute resistance exercise on carotid artery stiffness and cerebral blood flow pulsatility

A review of wave mechanics in the pulmonary artery with an emphasis on wave intensity analysis

Ultrasound measurement of fetal arterial pulse pressure using phased‐tracking methods: A phantom study and clinical experience with antenatal corticosteroid therapy

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