Validity of the Diagnostic Category of Attention Deficit Disorder Without Hyperactivity

Lahey, Benjamin B.; Carlson, Caryn L.

doi:10.1177/002221949102400208

Cited by 151 publications

(105 citation statements)

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“…Although the reduction of false-positive diagnoses is a laudable goal, it is not clear why help would not be provided to a child who meets all other criteria for ADHD but has serious impairment in only 1 setting. In combination with the previous literature [5], the current results suggest that the validity of the cross-setting impairment criterion should be systematically evaluated in future studies to clarify the costs and benefits of its inclusion as a diagnostic criterion in the DSM-5 or other future diagnostic systems.…”

Section: Significant Impairment Across Multiple Settingsmentioning

confidence: 52%

“…This criterion was included to ensure that individuals who received a diagnosis of ADHD were experiencing pervasive difficulties, and to minimize the chance that ADHD would be overdiagnosed due to inflated ratings by a single distressed rater. However, ADHD is the only DSM-IV disorder that requires impairment to be documented in multiple settings, and only a handful of studies have tested the validity of this criterion [5]. Table 2 summarizes the results of analyses that were conducted in our community sample to test the specific impact of the cross-setting impairment criterion on the prevalence of ADHD.…”

Section: Significant Impairment Across Multiple Settingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, other reviews raised questions regarding the validity of the DSM-IV age-of-onset criterion [4] and the criterion requiring significant impairment in multiple settings [5].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Prevalence of DSM-IV Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-Analytic Review

2012

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This article describes a comprehensive metaanalysis that was conducted to estimate the prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV). A systematic literature review identified 86 studies of children and adolescents (N0 163,688 individuals) and 11 studies of adults (N014,112 individuals) that met inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis, more than half of which were published after the only previous meta-analysis of the prevalence of ADHD was completed. Although prevalence estimates reported by individual studies varied widely, pooled results suggest that the prevalence of DSM-IV ADHD is similar, whether ADHD is defined by parent ratings, teacher ratings, or a best estimate diagnostic procedure in children and adolescents (5.9-7.1 %), or by self-report measures in young adults (5.0 %). Analyses of diagnostic subtypes indicated that the predominantly inattentive type is the most common subtype in the population, but individuals with the combined type are more likely to be referred for clinical services. Additional research is needed to determine the etiology of the higher prevalence of ADHD in males than females and to clarify whether the prevalence of ADHD varies as a function of socioeconomic status or ethnicity. Finally, there were no significant prevalent differences between countries or regions of the world after controlling for differences in the diagnostic algorithms used to define ADHD. These results provide important support for the diagnostic validity of ADHD, and argue against the hypothesis that ADHD is a cultural construct that is restricted to the United States or any other specific culture.Keywords ADHD . Prevalence . DSM-IV . Subtypes . DiagnosisIn 2007, Polanczyk et al.[1] completed the first comprehensive meta-analysis of the prevalence of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD was estimated to be 5.29 %, but specific estimates varied widely across the 103 studies included in the analysis. Significant moderators that accounted for a portion of the heterogeneity among studies included the diagnostic criteria used to define ADHD, the method used to assess ADHD symptoms, the specific algorithm used to combine multiple sources of information, and the incorporation of functional impairment as part of the definition of ADHD. Their results also suggested that the prevalence of ADHD was higher in males than females, and highest in young children, but age and gender were not included in final multivariate models, because too few studies reported results stratified on these variables.Interpretation of prevalence studies is complicated by significant changes to the diagnostic criteria for ADHD for the past 30 years, culminating in the current definition specified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV) [2]. The DSM-IV defined 3 nominal subtypes of ADHD, based on differen...

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Section: Significant Impairment Across Multiple Settingsmentioning

confidence: 52%

Section: Significant Impairment Across Multiple Settingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Prevalence of DSM-IV Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-Analytic Review

2012

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“…In the shyness literature, it is common to find relationships between shyness and anxiety, specifically social anxiety (Eisenberg et al, 1995; LONELINESS, SHYNESS, AND DEPRESSION Lahey & Carlson, 1991;Lawton, Powell, Kleban, & Dean, 1993;Neto, 1992). Indeed, Anderson and Harvey (1988) showed that the most popular self-report measures of shyness and social anxiety are indistinguishable.…”

Section: Antecedents Of Shynessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Loneliness, shyness, and depression: The etiology and interrelationships of everyday problems in living.

Dill

Anderson²

The Interactional Nature of Depression: Advances in Interpersonal Approaches.

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In addition to the emotional trauma and psychological suffering inflicted on the victims, these problems exact a heavy monetary toll on society. Like a pebble tossed into a pond, these problems have their most obvious effects at the point of entry, but the impact radiates outward in an ever-widening circle. Perhaps this simile is too optimistic: It implies that one can observe and predict relatively low-level effects as the modestsized waves dissipate at increasing distances from the initial point of impact. A coastal earthquake may provide a better analogy. The most obvious victims are those at the epicenter-the shy, the lonely, and the depressed. However, such traumatic events can lead to unexpected problems at quite some distance, just as the tsunami created by the earthquake can appear suddenly and unexpectedly thousands of miles away. For example, it is not simply the immediate family who suffer with the shy, lonely, and depressed; coworkers, friends, and acquaintances of the family may also be adversely affected. The health care costs, lost days at work, increased accident rates, and decreased productivity of the immediate victims and these "ripple effect" victims are all consequences of shyness, loneliness, and depression.Other hidden costs also accrue. For instance, there are theoretical and empirical reasons to suspect that these problems in living increase the likelihood of a variety of violent behaviors, ranging from child abuse to murder. For instance, Lee, Zimbardo, and Bertholf (1977) showed that convicted murderers who had no prior history of violence were unusually shy. Shyness, loneliness, and depression may all increase a variety of aggressive behaviors through at least three separate mechanisms (e.g., Anderson, Anderson, & Deuser, 1996; see also Berkowitz, 1993;Geen, 1990). First, the lack of satisfying interpersonal ties may contribute to a lower or less effective set of inhibitions against aggression. Second, the high level of negative affect characteristic of these problems in living may increase unwarranted aggression. Finally, these problems may prime aggressive thoughts, thus producing increases in aggression. THE ROLE OF MODERN SOCIETYNumerous characteristics of modern society contribute to shyness, loneliness, and depression. The high mobility in U.S. society makes it difficult to develop and maintain close interpersonal relationships, even within families. Similarly, the loss of intergenerational ties and the rise of single-parent families contribute to the social isolation that underlies many of the problems in living. These characteristics of modem U.

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“…Furthermore, the inattentive subtype of ADHD is more strongly associated with internalizing problems like depression and anxiety than the hyperactive/impulsive subtype of ADHD (Hinshaw, 1994;Lahey & Carlson, 1992;Lahey et al, 1988;Lahey, Schaughency, Hynd, Carlson, & Nieves, 1987). In sum, it may be possible that in some cases co-occurring ADHD-MDD represents a third disorder characterized by SCT.…”

Section: Explanations Concerning Inaccurate Diagnosticmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Development of a Depression Preventive Intervention for Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Meinzer¹

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The sample consisted of 8 parent-adolescent dyads with adolescents ranging in age from 12 to 16 years old. Research questions were tested using both quantitative and qualitative methods. Outcome trends were evaluated using paired samples t-tests and vi reliable change indices. Semi-structured interviews were coded and analyzed qualitatively using NVivo10.Group-level analyses indicated that there were significant differences in depressive symptoms, emotion regulation, and reward responsivity after BEAM. Findings on family support after BEAM were equivocal. According to reliable change indices used to analyze individual results, majority of participants saw improvements in depressive symptoms and emotion regulation. In addition to improvements in outcome variables, both parents and adolescents were highly satisfied with the BEAM program and used BEAM skills following the completion of the program. Though staff supervision notes suggested that several barriers for delivery of the program arose, the BEAM program was easy to implement and was done so with high integrity.The study's main findings and their clinical implications are further discussed, including suggested revisions to the BEAM program. Future directions for research are presented with a focus on moving towards a large, randomized control trial.

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Validity of the Diagnostic Category of Attention Deficit Disorder Without Hyperactivity

Cited by 151 publications

References 23 publications

The Prevalence of DSM-IV Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-Analytic Review

The Prevalence of DSM-IV Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-Analytic Review

Loneliness, shyness, and depression: The etiology and interrelationships of everyday problems in living.

The Development of a Depression Preventive Intervention for Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

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