Validity of noncycloplegic refraction in the assessment of refractive errors: the Tehran Eye Study

Fotouhi, Akbar; Morgan, Ian G.; Iribarren, Rafael; Khabazkhoob, Mehdi; Hashemi, Hassan

doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.2010.01983.x

Cited by 98 publications

(113 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…In another study performed on young adults, significant differences were found between the cycloplegic and non-cycloplegic autorefraction values (7) . Thus, cycloplegic refraction examinations provided more reliable results in all age groups (17,19) . Recent developments in imaging techniques allow the clinician to quantitatively calculate anterior segment parameters, such as keratometry, CCT, ACD, ACV, and ACA (5,20) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mean age of the cycloplegia group (Group 1, n=25) was 23.04 ± 3.42 years (range, [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29], while the mean age of the control group (Group 2, n=24) was 22.4 ± 2.05 years (range, [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of age or sex distribution (P=0.259 and P=0.878, respectively).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of 1% cyclopentolate hydrochloride on anterior segment parameters obtained with Pentacam in young adults

Arıcı¹,

Türk²,

Ceylan³

et al. 2014

Arquivos Brasileiros De Oftalmologia

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Purpose: To investigate the effects of topically applied 1% cyclopentolate hydrochloride on anterior segment parameters obtained with a Pentacam rotating Scheimpflug camera in healthy young adults. Methods: Anterior segment analyses of 25 eyes from 25 young adults (Group 1), before and after 45 min of 1% cyclopentolate hydrochloride application, were performed. For a control group (cycloplegia-free, Group 2), 24 eyes of 24 age-and sex-matched healthy cases were evaluated twice at 45 min intervals. The results obtained from the groups were compared statistically. Results: The mean ages of the groups were 23.04 ± 3.42 (range, 18-29) and 22.4 ± 2.05 (range, 18-27) years for Groups 1 and 2, respectively (p=0.259). In Group 1, measurements between the two analyses were significantly different for the values of anterior chamber depth (ACD), anterior chamber angle (ACA), and anterior chamber volume (ACV) (p<0.05), whereas no statistical difference was found for the central corneal thickness (CCT) and keratometry (K1, K2) measurements. In Group 2, none of these parameters were statistically different between the two analyses. Conclusions: Topically applied 1% cyclopentolate hydrochloride caused an increase in the ACD and ACV values, and a decrease in the ACA value. However, it had no significant effect on the CCT and keratometry measurements. It is important to consider these effects when using the Pentacam device on young adults with cycloplegia and when applying it for various reasons.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of 1% cyclopentolate hydrochloride on anterior segment parameters obtained with Pentacam in young adults

Arıcı¹,

Türk²,

Ceylan³

et al. 2014

Arquivos Brasileiros De Oftalmologia

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“…There may be some degree of overestimation of myopia, particularly in the younger age group, because the refraction was measured without cycloplegia. 38,39 Moreover, the response rate is approximately 60%. There may be a greater tendency toward less study participation in individuals with a low socioeconomic status because of the lack of interest or suspicion, as well as among highly educated individuals because of a potentially higher workload.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Myopia and Cognitive Performance: Results From the Gutenberg Health Study

Mirshahi¹,

Ponto

Laubert‐Reh

et al. 2016

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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PURPOSE.To analyze the association between myopia and cognitive performance. METHODS.A cohort of the population-based Gutenberg Health Study included 3819 eligible enrollees between 40 and 79 years. We used the Tower of London (TOL) test to assess cognitive performance. Myopia was defined as a spherical equivalent (SE) À0.5 diopters (D) via noncycloplegic autorefractometry. We conducted linear mixed models with the SE as the dependent variable and the age, sex, duration of education, and TOL score as covariates.RESULTS. Complete data were available for 3452 participants (90.4%). The mean TOL score was 14.0 6 3.9 in the myopes versus 12.9 6 4.0 in the nonmyopes (P < 0.001). The mean TOL score increased with the magnitude of myopia: it was 13.9 6 3.9 in low (less than À3 D); 14.2 6 3.7 in moderate (between À3 and À6 D); and 14.6 6 3.5 in high myopia (À6 D and greater; P < 0.001). Both the duration of education and cognitive performance were correlated with the magnitude of myopia (r ¼ À0.21, P < 0.001 and r ¼ À0.15, P < 0.001, respectively). In a linear mixed model, the duration of education significantly predicted myopia (b ¼ À0.14; t ¼ À7.55; P < 0.001), whereas cognitive performance did not (b ¼ À0.017; t ¼ À1.26; P ¼ 0.207). There was a significant effect of age on the SE (b ¼ 0.049; t ¼ 9.89; P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONS. When regarded separately, cognitive performance is linked to myopia. However, duration of education, which may be directly related to the risk factors for myopia, is more directly and strongly related to myopia than is cognitive performance. Cognitive ability may be associated with myopia primarily through its impact on level of education.

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“…16 The mean noncycloplegic SE of 16-to 45-yearold subjects was estimated to be approximately 0.4 D more myopic than their cycloplegic SE. 31 In addition, the myopia may continue to progress after the age of 18 years in some subjects. 32,33 Second, there was undersampling in some age groups.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Generational Difference of Refractive Error and Risk Factors in the Handan Offspring Myopia Study

Zhong

Gao

Vasudevan

et al. 2014

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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Citation: Lin Z, Gao TY, Vasudevan B, et al. Generational difference of refractive error and risk factors in the Handan Offspring Myopia Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014;55:5711-5717. DOI:10.1167/ iovs.13-13693 PURPOSE. To report the refractive error difference (RED) between parents and their children, and its risk factors, in a rural area of China.METHODS. Children (6-17 years) and their parents (36.2 6 4.1 years) from the Handan Offspring Myopia Study (HOMS) were enrolled. Cycloplegic autorefraction (cyclopentolate 1%, Topcon KR8800) of the children and noncycloplegic autorefraction of their parents were assessed. A detailed vision-based questionnaire was also completed. Refractive error difference was defined as the difference between the parental spherical equivalent (SE) and their children's SE. Generational myopic shift was defined as the estimated RED when a child would be 18 years old according to a prediction model. RESULTS.Three hundred fifty-six pairs of parents and 585 children were enrolled. The RED (median, quartiles) increased from À1.33 (À1.99, À0.98) diopters (D) in children aged 6 to 7 years to 0.81 (À0.16, 2.28) D in children aged 16 to 17 years. The children's SE was predicted to approach the parental SE at 14 years of age. Moreover, the children's estimated myopic shift would be 1.03 D. Multiple linear regression revealed that older children (b ¼ 0.23 D/y, P < 0.0001) and girls (b ¼ 0.24, P ¼ 0.01) tended to have a higher RED.CONCLUSIONS. In this rural Chinese population, the children's refraction was estimated to be similar to the parental refraction at 14 years of age. Moreover, the generational myopic shift was estimated to be approximately 1 D at 18 years of age. These data suggest that the generational difference reflects the increasing prevalence of myopia in the younger generation, which is likely due to changes in environmental exposure.

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Validity of noncycloplegic refraction in the assessment of refractive errors: the Tehran Eye Study

Cited by 98 publications

References 64 publications

Effects of 1% cyclopentolate hydrochloride on anterior segment parameters obtained with Pentacam in young adults

Effects of 1% cyclopentolate hydrochloride on anterior segment parameters obtained with Pentacam in young adults

Myopia and Cognitive Performance: Results From the Gutenberg Health Study

Generational Difference of Refractive Error and Risk Factors in the Handan Offspring Myopia Study

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