Validation of the prolonged grief scale (PG-13) and investigation of the prevalence and risk factors of prolonged grief disorder in Turkish bereaved samples

Işıklı, Sedat; Keser, Emrah; Prigerson, Holly G.; Maciejewski, Paul K.

doi:10.1080/07481187.2020.1745955

Cited by 25 publications

(25 citation statements)

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“…Other sociodemographic variables investigated include gender, years of education, employment status , or monthly income . The results are likewise ambiguous with some studies suggesting that female gender, being less educated or having a low income is positively associated with PGD [e.g., ( 14 , 15 , 18 – 21 )], while other results indicated no association [e.g., ( 16 , 18 , 22 – 24 )].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…Most findings indicate that losing a child or partner is positively associated with PGD compared to the loss of other relatives (e.g., parents, siblings) or friends ( 14 , 15 , 21 , 33 , 34 ). Another loss-related variable is time since loss , for which some studies found no association ( 24 , 26 , 35 ), whilst others found an association with PGD ( 15 , 16 , 23 , 27 ). For instance, Newson et al found more time since loss to be associated with PGD ( 15 ), whereas Schaal et al found less time since loss to be associated with more grief ( 23 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence, Factor Structure and Correlates of DSM-5-TR Criteria for Prolonged Grief Disorder

2022

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BackgroundProlonged Grief Disorder (PGD) is now included in Section II of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR). To understand the health burden and then allocate economic and professional resources, it is necessary to provide epidemiological data for this new disorder. This is especially relevant since the new diagnostic criteria differ from its predecessors, which may affect the generalizability of previous findings. More information on the characteristics of people suffering from PGD is also beneficial to better identify individuals at risk. This study, therefore, aimed to estimate the prevalence of the new PGD criteria in a representative population-based sample, evaluate the factor structure, sociodemographic, and loss-related correlates of PGD caseness and explore possible predictors.MethodsOut of a representative sample of the German general population (N = 2,531), n = 1,371 (54.2%) reported to have experienced a significant loss throughout lifetime. Participants provided sociodemographic data and loss-related characteristics. PGD symptoms were measured using items from the German versions of the Prolonged Grief Scale (PG-13) and the Inventory of Complicated Grief (ICG), which could be matched to the DSM-5-TR criteria for PGD.ResultsThe conditional prevalence of PGD was 3.4% (n = 47). The most frequently reported symptoms were intense emotional pain and intense yearning or longing for the deceased. The confirmatory factor analysis confirmed a unidimensional model of PGD. Regression analysis demonstrated that time since the death, the relationship to the deceased, and unpreparedness for the death were significant predictors of PGD.ConclusionAlthough the prevalence of 3.4% using the new diagnostic criteria is lower than the prevalence previously suggested by a meta-analysis, PGD remains a substantial disorder in the general population. In particular, the loss of a partner or child increases the risk for PGD, as does unpreparedness for the death of a loved one. Clinicians should pay particular attention to these high-risk groups. Further clinical implications are discussed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence, Factor Structure and Correlates of DSM-5-TR Criteria for Prolonged Grief Disorder

2022

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“…A total summed score was calculated using items 4–12, which describe symptoms associated with prolonged grief disorder [ 27 ]; higher scores indicate greater grief. The PG-13 has demonstrated good psychometric properties with bereaved family members, including support for a single-factor structure [ 29 , 30 ] and evidence for prolonged grief disorder as distinct from depression [ 31 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Caregiver bereavement outcomes in advanced cancer: associations with quality of death and patient age

Mah

Swami

Pope

et al. 2021

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Purpose We investigated relationships between domains of quality of dying and death in patients with advanced cancer and their caregivers’ bereavement outcomes and the moderating effect of patient age at death. Methods Bereaved caregivers of deceased patients with advanced cancer who had participated in an early palliative care trial completed measures of grief (Texas Revised Inventory of Grief [TRIG]), complicated grief (Prolonged Grief Inventory [PG-13]), and depression (Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression [CESD-10]). They also completed the Quality of Dying and Death measure (QODD), which assesses patients’ symptom control, preparation for death, connectedness with loved ones, and sense of peace with death. Results A total of 157 bereaved caregivers completed the study. When patient age × QODD subscale interactions were included, greater death preparation was related to less grief at patient death (past TRIG: β = − .25, p = .04), less current grief (present TRIG: β = − .26, p = .03), less complicated grief (PG-13: β = − .37, p = .001), and less depression (CESD-10: β = − .35, p = .005). Greater symptom control was related to less current grief (present TRIG: β = − .27, p = .02), less complicated grief (PG-13: β = − .24, p = .03), and less depression (CESD-10: β = − .29, p = .01). Significant patient age × connectedness interaction effects for current grief (present TRIG: β = .30, p = .02) and complicated grief (PG-13: β = .29, p = .007) indicated that, with less connectedness, younger patient age at death was associated with greater caregiver grief. Conclusion Better end-of-life death preparation and symptom control for patients with cancer may attenuate later caregiver grief and depression. Less connectedness between younger patients and their families may adversely affect caregiver grief.

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“…The PG‐13 includes 11 items assessing separation distress and a variety of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral grief‐related symptoms, along with two items assessing symptom duration and functional impairment. The PG‐13 has demonstrated good psychometric properties as a measurement of PGD in a variety of bereaved populations (e.g., Işıklı et al, 2020). The measure demonstrated excellent internal consistency (α = 0.91) in the present study.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of experiential avoidance in the relationship between traumatic distress and yearning in sudden and unexpected bereavement

2021

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Background Distressing preoccupation with the circumstances of the death, experiential avoidance, and yearning often manifest in pathological forms of grief following the sudden or unexpected death of a loved one. Traumatic distress—the emotional distress linked to circumstances or reminders of a death—often leads to avoidance behaviors, whereas yearning has been conceptualized as an emotional state which leads to proximity‐seeking behaviors following bereavement. A gap exists in the literature explaining how these variables may interact and perpetuate one another. Aims The present study aims to examine the role of experiential avoidance in the relationship between traumatic distress and yearning in a sample of suddenly and unexpectedly bereaved young adults. Results suggest that the association between traumatic distress and yearning may be partially mediated by experiential avoidance. Implications of these findings for theoretical models of grief and yearning are discussed. Materials & Methods Data include a sample of 606 bereaved young adults (Mage = 21.25; 77.4% female) who participated in a larger, online survey study conducted at two universities in the United States exploring the prevalence of trauma exposure in college students. Results Mediation analysis demonstrated experiential avoidance as partially mediating the relationship between traumatic distress and yearning (ab = .21, SE = .10, 95% CI [.02, .40]) when controlling for presence at the scene of death or injury. This indirect effect accounted for 11.67% of the total effect. An additional moderated mediation analysis indicated this indirect effect was present across all levels of prolonged grief disorder (PGD) symptom severity. Discussion Results indicate that the association between traumatic distress and yearning may be partially mediated by experiential avoidance across all levels of PGD symptom severity. Conclusion Findings suggest that bereaved individuals experiencing recurrent, death‐related intrusive thoughts, imagery, and/or other memories related to the circumstances of the death may be more likely to experience intense yearning for the deceased in part due to attempts to avoid painful internal experiences associated with such cues.

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Validation of the prolonged grief scale (PG-13) and investigation of the prevalence and risk factors of prolonged grief disorder in Turkish bereaved samples

Cited by 25 publications

References 36 publications

Prevalence, Factor Structure and Correlates of DSM-5-TR Criteria for Prolonged Grief Disorder

Prevalence, Factor Structure and Correlates of DSM-5-TR Criteria for Prolonged Grief Disorder

Caregiver bereavement outcomes in advanced cancer: associations with quality of death and patient age

The role of experiential avoidance in the relationship between traumatic distress and yearning in sudden and unexpected bereavement

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