Validation of the bispectral index as an indicator of anesthetic depth in Thoroughbred horses anesthetized with sevoflurane

Tokushige, Hirotaka; Kakizaki, Masashi; Ode, Hirotaka; Okano, Atsushi; Okada, Jun; Kuroda, Taisuke; Wakuno, Ai; Ohta, Minoru

doi:10.1294/jes.27.169

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…BIS monitoring is useful for measuring anesthesia depth during veterinary surgery 14,21–24 and has been applied to dogs, 14,22–26 calves, 27,28 horses, 29,30 rabbits, 31,32 pigs, 33–35 and other animals housed in zoos 36 . The preferred BIS values for anesthetized dogs, rabbits, and horses range from 40 to 60, 21 52 to 61, 32 and 47 to 68, 30 respectively. To ensure strong brainwave signals, SIQ and EMG values should be >50 and <40, respectively 21 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation between bispectral index value and modified Glasgow Coma Scale score in dogs with altered level of consciousness

Saenubol

Akatvipat

Pleumsamran

et al. 2020

J Vet Emergen Crit Care

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Objective This study aims to identify the correlation between bispectral index (BIS) value and modified Glasgow Coma Scale (MGCS) score in dogs with altered level of consciousness (ALOC). Design This prospective, observational, clinical study was conducted from February 2016 to March 2017, and follow‐up was conducted until the death of dogs or their discharge from the hospital. Setting This study was performed at the Small Animal Teaching Hospital. Animals A total of 31 client‐owned dogs (males, 20; females, 11) with ALOC and MGCS score <18 with no restrictions for age, breed, sex, and body weight were included. Dogs that received neuromuscular blocking agents before MGCS score evaluation were excluded. Interventions BIS values were measured using the Covidien BIS Loc 2 Channel OEM module and a pediatric 4 sensor with a bifrontal application pattern. Measurements and Main Results Minimal databases of initial neurological assessment, blood profiles, and chest and skull radiographs were developed. In addition, MGCS scores and BIS values were recorded. The mean BIS values for mild, moderate, and severe brain injuries were 89.14 ± 6.52, 77.21 ± 9.82, and 50.58 ± 27.04, respectively. Correlation analysis revealed a significantly positive relationship between BIS values and MGCS scores (r = 0.75; P < 0.001). Conclusions The significant correlation observed between MGCS scores and BIS values in dogs with ALOC demonstrated the usefulness of BIS as an alternative to MGCS for monitoring consciousness in patients with ALOC caused by traumatic brain injury, encephalitis, etc.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation between bispectral index value and modified Glasgow Coma Scale score in dogs with altered level of consciousness

Saenubol

Akatvipat

Pleumsamran

et al. 2020

J Vet Emergen Crit Care

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“…Previous experiment using isoflurane ( 21 ), propofol ( 22 ), sevoflurane, or halothane ( 23 ) showed the poor quality of BIS to accurately anticipate movements during surgery in horses. Nevertheless, a recent study demonstrated that the BIS value could be useful as an indicator of awakening during the recovery period in horses ( 24 ). In our study, BIS values did not allow to anticipate episodes of awareness.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Modification and Performance of a Large Animal Anesthesia Machine (Tafonius®) in Order to Deliver Xenon to a Horse

Santangelo

Robin

Simpson³

et al. 2017

Front. Vet. Sci.

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IntroductionXenon, due to its interesting anesthetic properties, could improve the quality of anesthesia protocols in horses despite its high price. This study aimed to modify and test an anesthesia machine capable of delivering xenon to a horse.Materials and methodsAn equine anesthesia machine (Tafonius, Vetronic Services Ltd., UK) was modified by including a T-connector in the valve block to introduce xenon, so that the xenon was pushed into the machine cylinder by the expired gases. A xenon analyzer was connected to the expiratory limb of the patient circuit. The operation of the machine was modeled and experimentally tested for denitrogenation, wash-in, and maintenance phases. The system was considered to consist of two compartments, one being the horse’s lungs, the other being the machine cylinder and circuit. A 15-year-old, 514-kg, healthy gelding horse was anesthetized for 70 min using acepromazine, romifidine, morphine, diazepam, and ketamine. Anesthesia was maintained with xenon and oxygen, co-administered with lidocaine. Ventilation was controlled. Cardiorespiratory variables, expired fraction of xenon (FeXe), blood gases were measured and xenon was detected in plasma. Recovery was unassisted and recorded.ResultsFeXe remained around 65%, using a xenon total volume of 250 L. Five additional boli of ketamine were required to maintain anesthesia. PaO2 was 45 ± 1 mmHg. The recovery was calm. Xenon was detected in blood during the entire administration time.ConclusionThis pilot study describes how to deliver xenon to a horse. Although many technical problems were encountered, their correction could guide future endeavors to study the use of xenon in horses.

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“…The dynamics of their changes depends on the stimulation of the autonomic nervous system and is partially related to the intensity of nociceptive signals. Therefore, it seems reasonable to introduce an EEG measurement due to its high specificity and sensitivity (limited number of wave patterns and a large number of variables affecting them) to show the changes of the level of consciousness, which in combination with cardiopulmonary parameters will enable accurate assessment of the patient's clinical condition during general anesthesia [40].…”

Section: Eeg Monitoring During General Anesthesia: Does It Improve Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such library (collected measurements of EEG specific for different levels of anesthesia depth) was created only for people so far, and the adequacy of results obtained by algorithms to the clinical state of patient was proved. In the case of horses, research has been conducted on the bispectral index (BI) algorithm [40,41], Narcotrend [42] and patient state index (PSI). Up to now, they were not confirmed to be accurate because of the differences in the activity of waves in humans and horses, and thus the lack of usefulness of human EEG records used for algorithms in horses only serves as study guidelines.…”

Section: Analysis Of Eeg and Its Usefulness In Equine General Anesthesiamentioning

confidence: 99%

What Do We Know about the Use of EEG Monitoring during Equine Anesthesia: A Review

2019

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Electroencephalography is a noninvasive method used for the measurement of central nervous system bioelectrical activity. Besides its use for neurological disorders diagnostics in humans and animals, it was found to be useful as a part of the anesthetic monitoring. Introducing the electroencephalography (EEG) measurement intraoperatively in humans and in animals, due to its high specificity and sensitivity (limited number of wave patterns and high number of variabilities influencing them), with comparison to cardiovascular parameters might significantly increase the quality of anesthesia. The use of EEG during equine anesthesia may help to maintain a proper depth of anesthesia in this species. Due to the fact that EEG analyzers were designed for humans, there are still limitations of their use in horses, and different methods of analysis are studied. The paper introduces the physiology of EEG, its use in animals during anesthesia, and specification for horses.

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Validation of the bispectral index as an indicator of anesthetic depth in Thoroughbred horses anesthetized with sevoflurane

Cited by 6 publications

References 17 publications

Correlation between bispectral index value and modified Glasgow Coma Scale score in dogs with altered level of consciousness

Correlation between bispectral index value and modified Glasgow Coma Scale score in dogs with altered level of consciousness

The Modification and Performance of a Large Animal Anesthesia Machine (Tafonius®) in Order to Deliver Xenon to a Horse

What Do We Know about the Use of EEG Monitoring during Equine Anesthesia: A Review

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