IntroductionXenon, due to its interesting anesthetic properties, could improve the quality of anesthesia protocols in horses despite its high price. This study aimed to modify and test an anesthesia machine capable of delivering xenon to a horse.Materials and methodsAn equine anesthesia machine (Tafonius, Vetronic Services Ltd., UK) was modified by including a T-connector in the valve block to introduce xenon, so that the xenon was pushed into the machine cylinder by the expired gases. A xenon analyzer was connected to the expiratory limb of the patient circuit. The operation of the machine was modeled and experimentally tested for denitrogenation, wash-in, and maintenance phases. The system was considered to consist of two compartments, one being the horse’s lungs, the other being the machine cylinder and circuit. A 15-year-old, 514-kg, healthy gelding horse was anesthetized for 70 min using acepromazine, romifidine, morphine, diazepam, and ketamine. Anesthesia was maintained with xenon and oxygen, co-administered with lidocaine. Ventilation was controlled. Cardiorespiratory variables, expired fraction of xenon (FeXe), blood gases were measured and xenon was detected in plasma. Recovery was unassisted and recorded.ResultsFeXe remained around 65%, using a xenon total volume of 250 L. Five additional boli of ketamine were required to maintain anesthesia. PaO2 was 45 ± 1 mmHg. The recovery was calm. Xenon was detected in blood during the entire administration time.ConclusionThis pilot study describes how to deliver xenon to a horse. Although many technical problems were encountered, their correction could guide future endeavors to study the use of xenon in horses.
Background: De Quervain's tenosynovitis is an overuse disease that involves a thickening of the extensor retinaculum, which covers the first dorsal compartment. This can be managed very well medically and surgical treatment is rarely needed. Different studies have shown the effectiveness of local corticosteroid injection, splinting or both. This study was performed to compare the outcome of corticosteroid injection against splinting for the treatment of De Quervain's tenosynovitis. Methods: This prospective comparative study was conducted from May 2019 to June 2020 in the out patient department. A total of 98 patients with De-Quervain's tenosynovitis were treated with either of these methods: 1. Corticosteroid injection in first dorsal compartment of wrist, 2. Splinting, local ice or hot compression and topical Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory (NSAIDs) gel. Results: In the first group, a total of 49 patients were included (corticosteroid injection), and 49 patients in the second group (splinting, local ice or hot compression and topical Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory (NSAIDs) gel). There were 82 women and 16 men. Overall success rate was 82.71% in the first and 65.31% in the second groups, with a significant difference for both groups with respect to pain score and cure rate (P< 0.05). Temporary pain was the most common adverse reaction at the site of injection and was noted in most of the patients. Conclusion:Though steroid injection has excellent outcome, splinting can be an alternative viable treatment option for DQ especially in patients with low grade disease or reluctant to injection because of fear of probable adverse reactions.
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