Validation of and revision to the VRAG and SORAG: The Violence Risk Appraisal Guide—Revised (VRAG-R).

Rice, Marnie E.; Harris, Grant T.; Lang, Carol

doi:10.1037/a0032878

Cited by 133 publications

(199 citation statements)

References 120 publications

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“…Hypothetically, that relationship should be 0. Our findings appear to contradict Rice et al (2013), who found that AUCs remained fairly stable across diverse follow-up periods, which substantially impacted the base rate of recidivism. A possible reason for the discrepancy in findings may be because Rice and colleagues used data where the Each effect size is based on 109 observations and all reached statistical significance at p < .05 two variables remained the same, but the base rate changed purely as a result of methodological adjustments (i.e., followup).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 56%

“…For example, in the criminal justice field, they are often used to index the relationship between risk factors or risk scales with dichotomously defined recidivism (e.g., Andrews & Bonta, 2010;Olver, Wong, Nicholaichuk, & Gordon, 2007;Rice, Harris, & Lang, 2013). Similarly, meta-analyses on the prediction of recidivism or other dichotomous outcomes frequently use correlations as their effect size (Andrews et al, 1990;Bonta, Rugge, Scott, Bourgon, & Yessine, 2008;Campbell, French, & Gendreau, 2009;French & Gendreau, 2006;Gendreau, Little, & Goggin, 1996;Gonçalves, Gonçalves, Martins, & Dirkzwager, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The influence of base rates on correlations: An evaluation of proposed alternative effect sizes with real-world data

Babchishin

Helmus²

2015

Behav Res

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Correlations are the simplest and most commonly understood effect size statistic in psychology. The purpose of the current paper was to use a large sample of real-world data (109 correlations with 60,415 participants) to illustrate the base rate dependence of correlations when applied to dichotomous or ordinal data. Specifically, we examined the influence of the base rate on different effect size metrics. Correlations decreased when the dichotomous variable did not have a 50 % base rate. The higher the deviation from a 50 % base rate, the smaller the observed Pearson's point-biserial and Kendall's tau correlation coefficients. In contrast, the relationship between base rate deviations and the more commonly proposed alternatives (i.e., polychoric correlation coefficients, AUCs, Pearson/Thorndike adjusted correlations, and Cohen's d) were less remarkable, with AUCs being most robust to attenuation due to base rates. In other words, the base rate makes a marked difference in the magnitude of the correlation. As such, when using dichotomous data, the correlation may be more sensitive to base rates than is optimal for the researcher's goals. Given the magnitude of the association between the base rate and point-biserial correlations (r = −.81) and Kendall's tau (r = −.80), we recommend that AUCs, Pearson/Thorndike adjusted correlations, Cohen's d, or polychoric correlations should be considered as alternate effect size statistics in many contexts.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 56%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of base rates on correlations: An evaluation of proposed alternative effect sizes with real-world data

Babchishin

Helmus²

2015

Behav Res

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“…Offenders' risk-relevant propensities must have a certain stability because assessments conducted at time of release discriminate between recidivists and nonrecidivists comparably well in follow-up periods ranging from 2 to 10 years (Hanson, Babchishin, Helmus, & Thornton, 2013;Rice, Harris, & Lang, 2013). Nevertheless, offenders can and do change, such that offence history information decreases in relevance as it fades into the individual's past (Hanson, Harris, Helmus, & Thornton, 2014).…”

Section: Latent Constructs Of the Static-99r And Static-2002r: A Thrementioning

confidence: 99%

Latent Constructs of the Static-99R and Static-2002R

et al. 2015

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The most commonly used risk assessment tools for predicting sexual violence focus almost exclusively on static, historical factors (e.g., characteristics of prior offences). Consequently, they are assumed to be unable to directly inform the selection of treatment targets or evaluate change. In this article, we argue that this limitation can be mitigated by using latent variable models as a framework to link historical risk factors to the psychological characteristics of offenders. Accordingly, we conducted a factor analysis of the 13 nonredundant items from the two most commonly used risk tools for sexual offenders (Static-99R and Static-2002R) to identify the psychological information contained in these tools. Three factors were identified: (a) persistence/paraphilia, a construct related to sexual criminality, especially of the pedophilic type; (b) youthful stranger aggression, a construct centered on young age and offence seriousness; and (c) general criminality, a construct that reflected the diversity and magnitude of criminal careers. These constructs predicted sexual recidivism with similar accuracy, but only youthful stranger aggression and general criminality predicted nonsexual recidivism. These results indicate that risk tools for sexual violence are multidimensional, and support a shift from a focus on atheoretical risk markers to the assessment of psychologically meaningful constructs.

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“…In order to attend to the complexity of violent behaviour , core factors understood to play a role in violent crime are also assessed. Based on prior literature, it is expected that individuals engaged in violence will exhibit a heightened level of impulse control difficulties (Derefinko et al, 2011), increased psychological distress or disorder (Swogger et al, 2010), poly-substance use and prior criminality (Rice et al, 2013).…”

Section: The Current Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Benzodiazepine use of community-based violent offenders: a preliminary investigation

Albrecht

Staiger

Best

et al. 2016

Journal of Substance Use

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Declarations of interestWe declare that none of the authors are in receipt of financial support, or have any relationship that may pose a conflict in relation to the content presented in the submitted manuscript. Dan Lubman has received speaking honorarium from AstraZeneca and Janssen, as well as provided consultancy advice to Lundbeck. Suzanne Nielsen is an investigator on untied educational grants from Reckitt Benckiser.BENZODIAZEPINES AND VIOLENT CRIME 3 Benzodiazepine use of community-based violent offenders: A preliminary investigation. Abstract Objective:To explore the relationship between benzodiazepine use and violent crime in a sample of community-based offenders. Methods:Participants were recruited via drug diversion and treatment programs in Melbourne, Australia. Data regarding benzodiazepine and other substance use, mental health, personality characteristics, and crime involvement was collected through semi-structured interviews conducted in 2011. Participants (n = 82, 79.3% male) were 21-56 years old, predominantly Australian-born (89%), with 14.6% identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islanders.Eligibility criteria were having been charged with a criminal offence in the previous six months and at least monthly benzodiazepine use. Group differences between violent (n = 11) and non-violent offenders were assessed via independent samples t-tests (two-tailed) and non-parametric tests. Results:Individuals charged with violent index offences were significantly more likely to use higher average doses of alprazolam (p = .040), and exhibit benzodiazepine dependence (p = .037) as well as report high levels of sensation seeking, prior violence, and the diagnoses of depression and personality disorder, than individuals charged with non-violent index offences. Conclusions:The findings suggest the existence of a complex dynamic between mental health and violent offending that may be influenced by benzodiazepine use, in particular alprazolam. A core BENZODIAZEPINES AND VIOLENT CRIME 4 implication of these preliminary findings includes attending to the interpersonal skills and adaptive coping resources of violent offenders.

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Validation of and revision to the VRAG and SORAG: The Violence Risk Appraisal Guide—Revised (VRAG-R).

Cited by 133 publications

References 120 publications

The influence of base rates on correlations: An evaluation of proposed alternative effect sizes with real-world data

The influence of base rates on correlations: An evaluation of proposed alternative effect sizes with real-world data

Latent Constructs of the Static-99R and Static-2002R

Benzodiazepine use of community-based violent offenders: a preliminary investigation

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