“…A variety of biological samples can be tested using LFAs, including urine [ 5 ], saliva [ 6 ], sweat [ 7 , 8 ], serum [ 9 ], plasma [ 10 ], whole blood [ 10 , 11 ] and other fluids. Further industries in which LFA-based tests are employed include veterinary medicine [ 12 ], quality control [ 13 ], product safety in food production [ 14 ], and environmental health and safety [ 15 ]. In these areas of utilization, rapid tests are used to screen for animal diseases [ 16 ], pathogens [ 17 , 18 ], chemicals [ 19 ], toxins [ 20 ] and water pollutants [ 21 , 22 ], among others.…”