Validating the Life Events Scale for the Elderly with proxy‐based data: A case–control psychological autopsy study in rural China

Mo, Qiqing; Zhou, Liang; He, Qiuping; Jia, Cun-Xian; Ma, Zhenyu

doi:10.1111/ggi.13658

“…The 48-item Life Events Scale (LES) is used to evaluate negative and positive life events that have occurred during the previous year or longer, including family, work or study, and social events [30].…”

Section: Life Eventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors influencing cognitive reactivity among young adults at high risk for depression in China: a cross-sectional study

Huang

¹

,

Wen

²

,

Li

³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Understanding the factors influencing cognitive reactivity (CR) may help identify individuals at risk for first episode depression and relapse and facilitate routine access to preventative treatments. However, few studies have examined the relationship between CR and depression in Asian countries. This study was performed to assess the current status of CR among Chinese young adults and explore influencing factors. Methods:A national cross-sectional online study using convenience sampling was conducted among 1597 healthy young adults in China (response rate: 93.94%) with a mean age of 24.34 (SD=5.76) years. Results:The mean CR score was 51.36±18.97 (range 0-130). Binary logistic regression showed that a low level of CR was associated with the following factors: high self-compassion, high social support, high resilience, high monthly household income, and living in a rural area, with odds ratios (ORs) ranging from 0.14 to 0.70. Young adults in full-time employment, experiencing poor sleep, with high neuroticism, who reported frequent sad mood, and who had a high intensity of negative life events had increased CR to depression, with ORs ranging from 1.18 to 6.66. The prediction probability of these factors was 75.40%. Causal relationships among the influencing factors and CR could not be explored. Conclusions:The self-reported CR levels among Chinese young adults were moderate. Enhancing self-compassion, resilience, and social support for young adults and reducing negative life events, neuroticism, and poor sleep may help decrease CR. These findings may help healthcare providers or researchers determine how to cultivate and improve the CR of young adults by establishing documented policies and/or improving intervention efficacies.In recent years, young adults aged 18 to 35 years are increasingly recognized as a population group significantly affected by depression [3]. It is estimated that approximately 25% of young adults experience depressive symptoms and 2.5% of these meet the criteria for a major depressive episode, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM-5) major depressive disorder (MDD) criteria [4].Despite existing evidence-based treatments for major depression, it remains a chronic and recurrent illness, with 85% of people who experience a single episode experiencing another within 15 years [5].High rates of depression that remain undetected further enhance its debilitating effects, with over 72.3% of individuals with depression not even being aware of their problem [6]. Globally, young adults are often overlooked, misdiagnosed, or undetected compared to older adults, possibly due to the uncertainties (e.g., initiating the roles and responsibilities of adulthood) young people experience being accompanied by irritability and mood fluctuations [7]. Among those who do not meet the diagnostic criteria for major depression, 10% to 35% experience episodes of low mood or subthreshold depression that significantly impair their quality of life. These alarming statist...

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“…The 48-item Life Events Scale (LES) is used to evaluate negative and positive life events that have occurred during the previous year or longer, including family, work or study, and social events [29].…”

Section: Life Eventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors influencing cognitive reactivity among young adults at high risk for depression in China: a cross-sectional study

Huang

¹

,

Wen

²

,

Li

³

et al. 2020

Preprint

1

0

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Understanding the factors influencing cognitive reactivity (CR) may help identify individuals at risk for first episode depression and relapse and facilitate routine access to preventative treatments. However, few studies have examined the relationship between CR and depression in Asian countries. This study was performed to assess the current status of CR among Chinese young adults and explore influencing factors. Methods: A national cross-sectional online study using convenience sampling was conducted among 1597 healthy young adults in China (93.94%) with a mean age of 24.34 (SD=5.76) years. Results: The mean CR score was 51.36±18.97 (range 0-130).Binary logistic regression showed that a low level of CR was associated with the following factors:high self-compassion, high social support, high resilience, high monthly household income, and living in a rural area, with odds ratios (ORs) ranging from 0.14 to 0.70. Young adults in full-time employment, experiencing poor sleep, with high neuroticism, who reported frequent sad mood, and who had a high intensity of negative life events had increased CR to depression, with ORs ranging from 1.18 to 6.66. The prediction probability of these factors was 75.40%. Causal relationships among the influencing factors and CR could not be established. Conclusions: The self-reported CR levels among Chinese young adults were moderate. Enhancing self-compassion, resilience, and social support for young adults and reducing negative life events, neuroticism, and poor sleep may help decrease CR. These findings may help healthcare providers or researchers determine how to cultivate and improve the CR of young adults by establishing documented policies and/or improving intervention efficacies.

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“…Stressful life events were measured by the Life Events Scale for the Elderly (LESE), which was developed speci cally for older Chinese adults [15]. LESE is a valid and reliable scale among the elderly generally, and elderly people who died by suicide in particular [15,16]. A total of 46 life events were categorized into three separate categories: (1) Health/Hospital (16 items); (2) Family/Home (18 items); (3) Friends/Relationships (12 items).…”

Section: Stressful Life Event For the Elderlymentioning

confidence: 99%

The pattern of stressful life events prior to suicide among the elderly in rural China: a national case-control psychological autopsy study

Mo

¹

,

Ma

²

,

Wang

³

et al. 2020

Preprint

Self Cite

0

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Background: There is a lack of evidence concerning the stressful life events experienced prior to suicide which may be associated with an increased suicide risk for Chinese rural elderly. The aim of this study was to identify the pattern of stressful life events prior to suicide among the elderly in China. Methods: A total of 12 counties were randomly selected using two-stage stratified cluster sampling method. Suicide cases aged 60 years and older (n =242) were collected from those counties from June 2014 to September 2015. Matched living controls were selected 1:1 with suicide cases by age, gender, and location. Data in the study were collected through face-to-face interviews by a psychological autopsy method. The Life Event Scale for the Elderly was used to measure the stressful life events prior to suicide/interviews. Results: Approximately 99.6% of suicide cases and 88.4% of controls experienced at least one stressful life event. The suicide group experienced more long-term stressful life events than recent stressful life events. The top three most frequent stressful life events for the suicide group were being diagnosed with chronic disease, hospitalization, and being diagnosed with terminal illness. More female suicide cases experienced the death of a spouse, while more males experienced hospitalization, diagnosis with terminal illness and family poverty. Experiencing at least one stressful life event, having unstable marital status, physical diseases and mental disorders were the factors that increased the risk of suicide.Conclusions: Stressful life events were common for the rural elderly, especially long-term stressful life events. The experience of at least one stressful life event can increase suicide risk for this population. More attention should be given to the rural elderly who experienced more long-term stressful life events and experienced health related life events.

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Validating the Life Events Scale for the Elderly with proxy‐based data: A case–control psychological autopsy study in rural China

Cited by 25 publications

References 22 publications

Factors influencing cognitive reactivity among young adults at high risk for depression in China: a cross-sectional study

Factors influencing cognitive reactivity among young adults at high risk for depression in China: a cross-sectional study

Factors influencing cognitive reactivity among young adults at high risk for depression in China: a cross-sectional study

The pattern of stressful life events prior to suicide among the elderly in rural China: a national case-control psychological autopsy study

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