Valid group comparisons can be made with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9): A measurement invariance study across groups by demographic characteristics

Villarreal-Zegarra, David; Copez-Lonzoy, Anthony; Bernabé‐Ortiz, Antonio; Melendez‐Torres, G. J.; Bazo‐Alvarez, Juan Carlos

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0221717

Cited by 120 publications

(157 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Recognition of mental health problems during the Covid-19 pandemic can be achieved through raising awareness among health care professionals since they are in daily contact with different groups of the population. In addition, they have the possibility to detect and address the different mental health disorders in time through quick and a cost-effective screening tools ( Kroenke et al, 2001 ) ( Levis et al, 2019 ).While valid group comparisons between sex, age, education level, socioeconomic status, marital status, and residence area can be made using PHQ-9 in the general population, as these studies suggest ( Villarreal-Zegarra et al, 2019 ) ( Martin et al, 2006 ). Since the Covid-19 outbreak is a unique and unprecedented scenario for people of all ages, WHO emphasizes to take into consideration the mental health and psychosocial effects during the Covid-19 outbreak ( WHO, 2020 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Covid-19 pandemic on mental health among Albanian people residing in the country and abroad – Implications for mental care

Kamberi

Jaho

Mechili

et al. 2020

Archives of Psychiatric Nursing

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Background: Coronavirus disease caused by the novel coronavirus Covid-19 is a current worldwide outbreak. The use of quarantine and isolation proved effective in containing the spread of infection. Objectives: The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to assess the mental health of Albanian people residing in the country and abroad during the quarantine period for the Covid-19 pandemic. Design: This study was carried out from 25th March-20th April 2020 through a web survey shared on social networks. The goal was to reach at least the minimum sample size for cross-sectional studies. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used to assess mental health. Chi-square (χ 2) and Fisher-Exact test were used to assess the statistical significance among variables. P values ≤0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: 715 participants were included in the final analyses (78.41% females and 21.53% males). Most were residents in Albania (80.41%) and the others resided mainly in Italy (6.89%), Greece (3.51%), Germany (2.43%), Kosovo (1.62%) and the UK (1.69%). Statistical association was found between gender, country of residency and measures taken. Summary score of PHQ-9 items was 6.4662. The total score of depression classification shows that 31.82% and 12.90% of participants have respectively mild and moderate depression. Female participants showed the highest score for some items of PHQ-9, p≤0.05. Conclusions: Findings suggest that health care professionals should recognize and address mental health problems associated with Covid-19 especially in vulnerable groups. Acting in a timely and proper manner is essential in preventing these problems from becoming chronic.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Covid-19 pandemic on mental health among Albanian people residing in the country and abroad – Implications for mental care

Kamberi

Jaho

Mechili

et al. 2020

Archives of Psychiatric Nursing

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“…The PHQ-9 was adapted for the population in Peru and had shown optimal values of reliability and validity when tested. 20 This tool has nine items based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition criteria and qualifies the response options from 0 to 3. PHQ-9 can, therefore, present a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 27.…”

Section: Depressive Symptomatology In the Last 2 Weeksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A confirmatory factor analysis was performed to evaluate the validity of the modified version of the PHQ-9, considering the ordinal nature of the items and using the estimator of weighted least square means and variance adjusted. 26 These analyses evaluate whether the instrument fits the one-dimensional model proposed by the PHQ-9 as the one-dimensional model seems to be adequate, 20 when optimal values are reached in the different goodness-of-fit indices. The Comparative Fit Index (CFI) and the Tucker-Lewis Index were used; these indices must be greater than 0.90 in order to be considered of an adequate level.…”

Section: Subanalysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in the prevalence and treatment of depressive symptoms in Peru: a population-based study

et al. 2020

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ObjectivesThis study aimed to estimate the trends in the prevalence and treatment of depressive symptoms using nationally representative surveys in Peru from 2014 to 2018.DesignA secondary analysis was conducted using five nationally representative surveys carried out consecutively in the years between 2014 and 2018.SettingThe study was conducted in Peru.ParticipantsIndividuals, men and women, aged ≥15 years who participated in the selected surveys. Sampling was probabilistic using a two-stage approach.Main outcome measuresTwo versions of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) that focused on the presence of depressive symptoms were administered (one in the last 2 weeks and other in the last year). Scores ≥15 were used as the cut-off point in both versions of the PHQ-9 to define the presence of depressive symptoms. Also, the treatment rate was based on the proportion of individuals who had experienced depressive symptoms in the last year and who had self-reported having received specific treatment for these symptoms. The age-standardised prevalence was estimated.ResultsA total of 161 061 participants were included. There was no evidence of a change in age-standardised prevalence rates of depressive symptoms at the 2 weeks prior to the point of data collection (2.6% in 2014 to 2.3% in 2018), or in the last year (6.3% in 2014 to 6.2% in 2018). Furthermore, no change was found in the proportion of depressive cases treated in the last year (14.6% in 2014 to 14.4% in 2018). Rural areas and individuals with low-level of wealth had lower proportion of depressive cases treated.ConclusionsNo changes in trends of rates of depressive symptoms or in the proportion of depressive cases treated were observed. This suggests the need to reduce the treatment gap considering social determinants associated with inequality in access to adequate therapy.

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“…Depressive and anxiety symptoms. The Peruvian version of the PHQ-9 21 was used to assess the severity of depressive symptoms. The PHQ-9 delivers values in the range between 0 and 27.…”

Section: Covid-19 Peritraumatic Distress Index (Cpdi)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects on Mental Health After the COVID-19 Lockdown Period: Results From a Population Survey Study in Lima, Peru

Krüger-Malpartida

Pedraz-Petrozzi

Arévalo-Flores

et al. 2020

Clinical Medicine Insights: Psychiatry

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Background: COVID-19 has created a rapid onset health crisis severely affecting different countries, such as Peru. This pandemic also involved social changes, such as the COVID-19 lockdown, which has had negative effects on different aspects of peoples’ mental health. For this reason, the main objective of this work is to establish a model that explains the effects of the COVID-19-lockdown period on the mental health of a population sample in Peru. Methods: In this sense, online questionnaires were carried out using the PHQ-9, GAD-7, and CPDI in 400 participants. To better explain the data, an ordinal logistic regression was carried out. Results: The model showed that the severity of stress due to COVID-19 is positively associated with the variables age (OR = 1.02; CI95 [1.01; 1.04]), depression (OR = 1.29; CI95 [1.14; 1.31]) and anxiety (OR = 1.49; CI95 [1.35; 1.66]), as well as with the presence of a deceased relative due to COVID-19 (OR = 3.53; CI95 [1.43; 8.82]). On the contrary, the presence of a family member who was hospitalized for COVID-19 is negatively correlated with COVID-19 related stress (OR = 0.30; CI95 [0.13; 0.69]). Conclusion: In conclusion, elderly people, having high levels of anxiety or depression, as well as having a deceased relative due to COVID-19 show higher levels of COVID-19 related stress. These factors play an important role in the intervention of future studies that plan to intervene in the mental health of the population affected by the COVID-19 lockdown.

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Valid group comparisons can be made with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9): A measurement invariance study across groups by demographic characteristics

Cited by 120 publications

References 38 publications

Effect of Covid-19 pandemic on mental health among Albanian people residing in the country and abroad – Implications for mental care

Effect of Covid-19 pandemic on mental health among Albanian people residing in the country and abroad – Implications for mental care

Trends in the prevalence and treatment of depressive symptoms in Peru: a population-based study

Effects on Mental Health After the COVID-19 Lockdown Period: Results From a Population Survey Study in Lima, Peru

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