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1. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has created a rapid global health crisis, involving different social changes, which brought negative effects in different aspects in the mental health of the population, like the COVID-19 lockdown. The majority of COVID-19 cases concentrate in the region of the Americas, being Peru one of the most affected countries in the region. For this reason, to investigate possible effects related to COVID-19 lockdown, the main objective of this work is to establish a statistical model that could explain through different components the COVID-19 related stress in a population after COVID-19 lockdown of Lima, Peru. In this sense, online questionnaires were carried out in 400 participants, where the values ​​of depressiveness, anxiousness and stress related to COVID-19 were evaluated. Other information related to the participant (e.g. gender, age, district, etc.) was collected through this electronic format. In order to explain the data, an ordinal logistic regression was carried out. From the information obtained, it was found that 35.50% of the participants showed mild stress and 9.30% showed severe stress due to COVID-19. The ordinal logistic regression model showed that the severity of stress due to COVID-19 is positive associated with the variables age, depressiveness and anxiousness, as well with the presence of a deceased relative due to COVID-19. On the other hand, the presence of a family member who was hospitalized for COVID-19 is negatively correlated to the stress produced by COVID-19. Therefore, the data shows that people with older age or who have lost relatives due to COVID-19 show higher levels of stress related to COVID-19. Additionally, participants with higher levels of anxiety and depression are more likely to produce higher levels of stress from COVID-19. These factors play an important role for the intervention of future studies that plan to intervene in the mental health of the population affected by the COVID-19 lockdown.

Background: COVID-19 has created a rapid onset health crisis severely affecting different countries, such as Peru. This pandemic also involved social changes, such as the COVID-19 lockdown, which has had negative effects on different aspects of peoples’ mental health. For this reason, the main objective of this work is to establish a model that explains the effects of the COVID-19-lockdown period on the mental health of a population sample in Peru. Methods: In this sense, online questionnaires were carried out using the PHQ-9, GAD-7, and CPDI in 400 participants. To better explain the data, an ordinal logistic regression was carried out. Results: The model showed that the severity of stress due to COVID-19 is positively associated with the variables age (OR = 1.02; CI95 [1.01; 1.04]), depression (OR = 1.29; CI95 [1.14; 1.31]) and anxiety (OR = 1.49; CI95 [1.35; 1.66]), as well as with the presence of a deceased relative due to COVID-19 (OR = 3.53; CI95 [1.43; 8.82]). On the contrary, the presence of a family member who was hospitalized for COVID-19 is negatively correlated with COVID-19 related stress (OR = 0.30; CI95 [0.13; 0.69]). Conclusion: In conclusion, elderly people, having high levels of anxiety or depression, as well as having a deceased relative due to COVID-19 show higher levels of COVID-19 related stress. These factors play an important role in the intervention of future studies that plan to intervene in the mental health of the population affected by the COVID-19 lockdown.

Objetivo: Efectuar una validación de contenido por expertos del Índice de Distrés Peri-traumático relacionado a COVID-19 (CPDI) para su uso en el Perú. Material y Métodos: El CPDI fue traducido al castellano y luego adaptado en una primera ronda de expertos. En una segunda ronda (n = 13), se evaluó la validez del contenido mediante el uso de la V de Aiken (V). Se calculó la V para cada ítem, así como para el instrumento en su conjunto (V TOT). Resultados: De los 24 ítems originales, solo un ítem (S7) presentó valores no significativos para validez de Objetivo: Efectuar una validación de contenido por expertos del Índice de Distrés Peri-traumático relacionado a COVID-19 (CPDI) para su uso en el Perú. Material y Métodos: El CPDI fue traducido al castellano y luego adaptado en una primera ronda de expertos. En una segunda ronda (n = 13), se evaluó la validez del contenido mediante el uso de la V de Aiken (V). Se calculó la V para cada ítem, así como para el instrumento en su conjunto (V TOT). Resultados: De los 24 ítems originales, solo un ítem (S7) presentó valores no significativos para validez de contenido, razón por la que fue eliminado. La escala con 23 ítems no presentó alteraciones en el cálculo de la VTOT. Conclusiones: Sobre la base de su validez de contenido, el CPDI en castellano es adecuado para su aplicación en n la población peruana. Quedan por definirse las características psicométricas así como la modificación propuesta del instrumento, mediante estudios cuantitativos en torno a la validez del constructo.

Background The aim of the study is to compare the emotional effects of COVID-19 among three different groups, namely: health personnel, medical students, and a sample of the general population. Methods 375 participants were recruited for this study, of which 125 were medical students (preclinical studies, 59; clinical studies, 66), 125 were health personnel (COVID-19 frontline personnel, 59; personnel not related with COVID-19, 66), and 125 belonged to the general population. The PHQ-9, GAD-7, and CPDI scales were used to assess the emotional impact. A multinomial logistic regression was performed to measure differences between groups, considering potential confounding factors. Results Regarding CPDI values, all other groups showed reduced values compared to COVID-19 frontline personnel. However, the general population, preclinical and clinical medical students showed increased PHQ-9 values compared to COVID-19 frontline personnel. Finally, confounding factors, gender and age correlated negatively with higher CPDI and PHQ-9 scores. Conclusions Being frontline personnel is associated with increased COVID-19-related stress. Depression is associated, however, with other groups not directly involved with the treatment of COVID-19 patients. Female gender and younger age correlated with COVID-19-related depression and stress.

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Background: The main aims of this study were to adapt the COVID-19 Peritraumatic Distress Index (CPDI) to the Peruvian population and to establish a model explaining depression using CPDI values and anxiety symptoms during the COVID-19 lockdown. Finally, we sought predictive values of the obtained CPDI factors for depression and anxiety as a secondary aim. Materials and Methods: An exploratory factor analysis (n = 300) was performed, followed by confirmatory factor analysis in a second phase (n = 1135). To explain depression scores during the COVID-19 pandemic, we performed structural equation modeling (SEM). Finally, we performed a hierarchical regression model (HRM) to evaluate the amount of explained variance of the CPDI factors above depression, anxiety, and sociodemographic variables. Results: A 2-factor solution (ruminationand stress) for the CPDI (p < 0.001; CFI = 0.99) was found. Concerning the SEM, our model was able to explain 81% of the depression scores (p < 0.001; CFI = 0.98). Finally, in the HRM, rumination could explain 17% additional variance in depression (p < 0.001) and 28% in anxiety (p < 0.001). However, stress showed collinearity with depression and anxiety, not continuing for further HRM analysis. Conclusions: Our results showed a 2-factor solution for the CPDI. Moreover, our SEM model showed that female sex, younger age, and incomplete education (with high COVID-related stress and anxiety) lead to more depression symptoms during the COVID-19 lockdown. Finally, our HRM showed that people who frequently ruminate during the COVID-19 lockdown are more afraid and negatively affected.

Objetivo: Identificar en la población adulta de la Lima Metropolitana la prevalencia, acceso y factores asociados a los principales trastornos mentales (TM) durante la pandemia COVID-19. Metodología: Estudio transversal, correlacional en una muestra probabilística, bietápica, de 1823 personas adultas (≥18 años), entrevistada vía telefónica. Instrumentos: Ficha sociodemográfica y características de vivienda; Cuestionario sobre Experiencias COVID-19; la MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview Versión CIE-10; la Escala de Riesgo Suicida del MINI; el Índice de Calidad de Sueño de Pittsburgh; Escala de Percepción de Estrés; Escala Breve de Funcionamiento Psicosocial (basada en áreas sugeridas del WHO DAS-S); Cuestionario sobre Acceso a Servicios de Salud; Índice de Calidad de Vida de Mezzich; Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida de Diener; Escala de Resiliencia del Yo de Block; y un Cuestionario Abreviado Ad-hoc sobre Violencia Doméstica. Se utilizó la F corregida como una variante del estadístico de chi-cuadrado corregido de Rao-Scott de segundo orden y análisis de regresión logística para muestras complejas. Resultados: Se encontró en un 57,2% de la población un nivel de estrés de moderado a severo. La mayoría de los indicadores de salud mental, incluyendo de salud positiva, mostraron resultados desfavorables con respecto a estudios previos, incluyendo indicadores suicidas, problemas de sueño y la violencia sistemática contra la mujer. La prevalencia a 12 meses, 6 meses y actual de algún TM fue del 19,6%, 17,8% y 12,5%, respectivamente. El TM más frecuente fue el episodio depresivo con una prevalencia anual de 13,6% y de 6 meses de 12,3%, seguido por el trastorno de ansiedad generalizada. La presencia de TM se asoció significativamente con el sexo femenino, menor edad, estado civil viudo(a), divorciado(a) o separado(a), un menor nivel educativo, baja situación económica, haber perdido el empleo por la pandemia, haberse contagiado de la COVID-19, tener un familiar contagiado y tener un familiar fallecido por COVID. De la misma manera las personas afectadas por la COVID-19 presentaron resultados desfavorables en los todos los indicadores de salud mental. El 12,2% de las personas con TM diagnosticables fue atendida, y 29,4% consideró haber necesitado bastante o mucha atención, pero no la recibió. Conclusiones: En comparación a períodos sin pandemia, se ha encontrado un incremento desfavorable de los indicadores de salud mental que obliga a asumir que uno de los principales efectos de la pandemia sería sobre la salud mental de las personas y, por lo tanto, las políticas sociales deberían orientarse con prioridad en este aspecto.