Abstract:We present a case of a transgender man symptomatic of vaginalNeisseria gonorrhoeaeinfection despite reporting no receptive vaginal sex in his recent history.
“…A similar case of suspected Mpox reinfection was recently published. 15 If we consider them a reinfection, it opens the possibility of unrevealed virus circulation due to asymptomatic infections in the context of a population with currently high immunization rates due to natural or vaccine-acquired immunity. This should be taken into account due to the risk of resurgent/ new outbreaks and the current exclusion of patients who already had Mpox infection in the general pre-exposure vaccine recommendations.…”
Vaccines against smallpox are known to have cross-protective activity against monkeypox, and smallpox and monkeypox infections are believed to generate permanent immunity. Nevertheless, there are scarce data about the possibility of reinfection or reactivation. Recently, a case of apparent monkeypox reinfection has been reported. We present a suspected case of second episode of monkeypox in a healthy and previously vaccinated man, with a confirmed primary monkeypox infection occurring three months before the second confirmed presentation.
“…A similar case of suspected Mpox reinfection was recently published. 15 If we consider them a reinfection, it opens the possibility of unrevealed virus circulation due to asymptomatic infections in the context of a population with currently high immunization rates due to natural or vaccine-acquired immunity. This should be taken into account due to the risk of resurgent/ new outbreaks and the current exclusion of patients who already had Mpox infection in the general pre-exposure vaccine recommendations.…”
Vaccines against smallpox are known to have cross-protective activity against monkeypox, and smallpox and monkeypox infections are believed to generate permanent immunity. Nevertheless, there are scarce data about the possibility of reinfection or reactivation. Recently, a case of apparent monkeypox reinfection has been reported. We present a suspected case of second episode of monkeypox in a healthy and previously vaccinated man, with a confirmed primary monkeypox infection occurring three months before the second confirmed presentation.
“…Given that the cases of reinfection and breakthrough infection of MPXV among vaccinated individuals, 12–17 potential safety concerns, 18 and risk for lack of effectiveness and relatively low levels of neutralizing antibodies against MPXV induced by JYNNEOS and ACAM2000, 25 it becomes obvious that smallpox vaccines and natural immunity sometimes might fail in providing enough protection against MPXV. Therefore, MPXV vaccines should be based more on specific and designated targets instead on attenuated viruses.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…ACAM2000 is a live attenuated vaccine and JYNNEOS is a nonreplicative vaccine based on VACV Ankara strain 10,11 . However, potential safety concerns, cases of reinfection, and breakthrough infection make these two smallpox vaccines far from the medical demand worldwide 12–18 . Therefore, safe, effective, and widely applicable vaccines for MPXV prevention are needed.…”
The epidemic of Mpox virus (MPXV) from May 2022 was once declared as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by the World Health Organization. Vaccines play an important role in prevention of infectious diseases, and mRNA vaccine technology was proved to be a safe and effective platform with successful application in defense of coronavirus disease 2019. In this study, based on A29L, M1R, A35R, and B6R of MPXV, we developed two MPXV mRNA vaccine candidates, designated as MPXfus and MPXmix. The MPXfus was one‐component, in which these four antigen proteins were linked in tandem by flexible linker and encoded by an individual mRNA as a fusion protein. The MPXmix was multicomponent containing four mRNA, and each mRNA encoded one antigen protein respectively. Mice were immunized with equal quality of MPXfus or MPXmix, delivered by lipid nanoparticles for evaluation and comparison of the immune responses induced by these two MPXV vaccine candidates. Results of immune response analyses indicated that both MPXfus and MPXmix could elicit high‐level of antigen‐specific antibodies and robust cellular immune response in mice. Moreover, results of virus neutralization assays suggested that sera from MPXfus‐ or MPXmix‐immunized mice possessed high neutralizing activities against vaccinia virus. In addition, titers of antigen‐specific antibody, levels of cellular immune response, and activities of neutralizing antibody against vaccinia virus induced by MPXfus and MPXmix presented no significant difference. In summary, this study provides valuable insights for further clinical development of one‐component and multicomponent mRNA vaccine candidates for the prevention of MPXV and other orthomyxoviruses.
“… 1 , 2 , 3 However, an individual with apparent reinfection has been recently reported. 4 In this Comment we describe two individuals with potential monkeypox virus reinfection at San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy ( figure ; see appendix for details on testing and results). Figure Timeline of monkeypox virus infection among two men who have sex with men Most relevant virological and serological testing is described.…”
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