Vaginal Colonization and Susceptibility to Antibiotics of Enterococci During Late Pregnancy in Kerman City, Iran

Abstract

Background: Enterococci are a natural part of the genito-intestinal and gastrointestinal normal flora in humans and are widely distributed in the environment and are one of the most important causes of nosocomial infections. Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify Enterococcus spp. from vaginal samples of pregnant women and measure their antibiotic resistance patterns. Methods: This descriptive study was performed on 602 strains. Vaginal swabs were cultured for Enterococcus spp. from pregnant women at 35 -37 weeks of pregnancy in Kerman city, Iran, during April 2013 to March 2014 or in labor samples transported to the laboratory using Amies transport medium. Swabs were cultivated in Todd Hewitt broth medium and subsequently plated on blood agar plates containing gentamicin and nalidixic acid. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed for enterococci by disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). Results: Vaginal colonization of Enterococcus genus was 8.14%. Parameters of age, parity, history of abortion, history of ruptured membranes, vaginal discharge and other vaginal signs (itching and so on) had no influence on vaginal colonization of Enterococcus spp. The predominant species were respectively E. faecalis 89.8%, E. faecium 6.1% and other Enterococcus spp. 4.1%. All samples were sus-

Risk Factors for Vaginal Colonization and Relationship between Bacterial Vaginal Colonization and In-Hospital Outcomes in Women with Obstructed Labor in a Ugandan Regional Referral Hospital

“…Lastly, we found 8% vaginal enterococcus colonization in our study, the same proportion as in another study in pregnant women [ 9 ]. All enterococci isolated in our study were susceptible to both ampicillin and vancomycin, suggesting that postpartum enterococcal infections would likely be well treated by commonly used empiric antibiotic regimens, which usually include ampicillin.…”

“…Several bacterial pathogens such as group B Streptococcus ( Streptococcus agalactiae , GBS), Enterococcus spp., and Escherichia coli are known to be associated with poor obstetric and neonatal outcomes, even in women with uncomplicated labor [ 6 – 9 ]. We hypothesized that vaginal colonization with one or more of these known bacterial pathogens (GBS, E. coli , or Enterococcus spp.)…”

Rise of antibiotic resistance in clinical enterococcal isolates during 2001–2016 in Iran: a review

“…During the initial database search, a total of 150 articles were found. After exclusion of the articles according to our criteria, a total of 44 articles were included in the analysis [3] , [6] , [7] , [8] , [9] , [10] , [11] , [12] , [13] , [14] , [15] , [16] , [17] , [18] , [19] , [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] , [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] , [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] , [37] , [38] , [39] , [40] , [41] , [42] , [43] , [44] , [45] , [46] , [47] , [48] . Among these 44 articles, 24 were associated with general patients (3071 isolates), 12 studies assessed their enterococcal populations on the basis of species (3906 isolates) and eight investigated colonization of enterococci among complicated patients with specific underlying conditions (589 isolates).…”

“…Moreover, no significant difference was seen where different methodologies were used. For example, a low mean rate of resistance was deduced for gentamycin during 2008 (7%), 2009 (6%) and 2014 (7%) [3] , [35] , [41] , [45] .…”

The Threat of Aerobic Vaginitis to Pregnancy and Neonatal Morbidity

“…Enterococci have previously been reported to be harmless inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract flora initially, and are included among the main causes of health care-associated infections 76 , being recorded as the second most common cause of nosocomial urinary tract infections 77 . E. faecalis is considered to increase tst expression leading to increased production of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) thus increasing the virulence of S. aureus.…”