Vacuum processing technique for development of primary standard blackbodies

Navarro, Magdalena; Bruce, Sally S.; Johnson, B. Carol; Murthy, A V.; Saunders, Robert D.

doi:10.6028/jres.104.018

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Such an experiment forms the experimental justification of Kirchhoff's law for the perfect absorber [15]- [17]. Thus, a graphite enclosure is able to fully absorb the radiation emitted by the enclosed object.…”

Section: The Nature Of Thermal Emissionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…In this regard, it is important to highlight that Tokamak reactors are often lined with graphite [2]. The production of a blackbody spectrum of analytical quality has required either graphite [15]- [17], or speculated black paint usually containing soot (graphite) [5], [6]. As Kirchhoff observed experimentally in the mid-1800s, very few objects are able to produce true blackbody spectra.…”

Section: The Nature Of Thermal Emissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In either case, these blackbodies were limited to solids. Currently, blackbodies are still made either from graphite [15]- [17] or from cavities covered with black paint often containing graphite particles [5], [6].…”

Section: Perfect Absorbers and Reflectors Of Radiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On the validity of Kirchhoff's law of thermal emission

Robitaille

2003

IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci.

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In this paper, Kirchhoff's law is discussed in the context of two extremes: the perfect absorber and the perfect reflector. It is argued that Kirchhoff's extension of his law to the perfect reflector is not justified based on experimental evidence. This greatly limits the universality of the formulations advanced by Kirchhoff and Planck in that blackbody radiation becomes dependent on the nature of the radiating object. In this regard, it is emphasized that graphite is unique in its ability to act as a nearly perfect absorber. The consequences are important in our analysis of all temperatures based on radiative emission.

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Section: The Nature Of Thermal Emissionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: The Nature Of Thermal Emissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On the validity of Kirchhoff's law of thermal emission

Robitaille

2003

IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci.

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“…Table 1 lists the date of manufacture of the gold points and the amount of gold in each of the cells. The cells were manufactured at NIST filled with 0.99999 (5N) gold using a radio-frequency induction-heating furnace [4]. The design of the two large 43 mm diameter graphite crucibles is shown in Fig.…”

Section: Blackbody Design and Constructionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiometric Temperature Comparisons of Three NIST Gold Freezing-Point Blackbodies

Sasajima¹,

Gibson

Khromchenko

et al. 2011

Int J Thermophys

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Radiometric temperature comparisons of three NIST gold freezingtemperature blackbodies are described. The blackbodies are used in different facilities with different furnaces for the radiance temperature and spectral radiance scales, and the comparisons are needed to determine the equivalence of the gold-point based realizations. The temperatures of each gold-point blackbody are compared against each other using a detector-based radiation thermometer which is calibrated using the cryogenic electrical substitution radiometer. These measurements were performed over a month period in 2004 and compared to the previous measurements of two of the same blackbodies in 1991. The freezing temperatures of all three blackbodies are found to be in agreement to <10 mK (k = 2), and the differences are within the comparison uncertainties. These differences are in agreement, within the combined uncertainties, with the <16 mK (k = 1) differences found in 1991.

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“…Lee has described the early NIST implementation [ 134 ]; the current implementation includes an alkali-metal heat-pipe furnace liner to limit the temperature gradients along the crucible [ 135 ]. The metal is kept pure during assembly using a vacuum processing technique [ 136 ].…”

Section: Part II Non-contact (Radiation) Thermometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Kelvin and temperature measurements

Bw¹,

Gt²,

Kg³

et al. 2001

J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol.

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The International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) is defined from 0.65 K upwards to the highest temperature measurable by spectral radiation thermometry, the radiation thermometry being based on the Planck radiation law. When it was developed, the ITS-90 represented thermodynamic temperatures as closely as possible. Part I of this paper describes the realization of contact thermometry up to 1234.93 K, the temperature range in which the ITS-90 is defined in terms of calibration of thermometers at 15 fixed points and vapor pressure/temperature relations which are phase equilibrium states of pure substances. The realization is accomplished by using fixed-point devices, containing samples of the highest available purity, and suitable temperature-controlled environments. All components are constructed to achieve the defining equilibrium states of the samples for the calibration of thermometers. The high quality of the temperature realization and measurements is well documented. Various research efforts are described, including research to improve the uncertainty in thermodynamic temperatures by measuring the velocity of sound in gas up to 800 K, research in applying noise thermometry techniques, and research on thermocouples. Thermometer calibration services and high-purity samples and devices suitable for “on-site” thermometer calibration that are available to the thermometry community are described. Part II of the paper describes the realization of temperature above 1234.93 K for which the ITS-90 is defined in terms of the calibration of spectroradiometers using reference blackbody sources that are at the temperature of the equilibrium liquid-solid phase transition of pure silver, gold, or copper. The realization of temperature from absolute spectral or total radiometry over the temperature range from about 60 K to 3000 K is also described. The dissemination of the temperature scale using radiation thermometry from NIST to the customer is achieved by calibration of blackbody sources, tungsten-strip lamps, and pyrometers. As an example of the research efforts in absolute radiometry, which impacts the NIST spectral irradiance and radiance scales, results with filter radiometers and a high-temperature blackbody are summarized.

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Vacuum processing technique for development of primary standard blackbodies

Cited by 5 publications

References 9 publications

On the validity of Kirchhoff's law of thermal emission

On the validity of Kirchhoff's law of thermal emission

Radiometric Temperature Comparisons of Three NIST Gold Freezing-Point Blackbodies

The Kelvin and temperature measurements

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