Vacuum-deposited gold films

Golan, Yuval; Margulis, L.; Rubinstein, Israel

doi:10.1016/0039-6028(92)90188-c

Cited by 171 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Hence special measures need to be taken to make it possible to detach the metal film from the support's surface. While in TEM work the procedure of detaching metal is limited to gold (Au) floating on water, [26] we have extended it to different metals and different liquids, which we will term sub-phases. We chose Al as an example of a reactive (readily oxidized) metal that is commonly used for electrical applications (also as cathode for organic devices).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[25] Flotation of Au films on perforated grids is well known for the preparation of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) specimens. [26] ªWafer bondingº is of increasing interest for microelectronics and optics applications, based on the work of Antypas, [27] Yablonovitch [28] and Liau, [29] among others. The method allows preparation of high-quality interfaces, regardless of the mismatch between the constituent surfaces.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Soft Contact Deposition onto Molecularly Modified GaAs. Thin Metal Film Flotation: Principles and Electrical Effects

Vilan

Cahen²

2002

Adv Funct Materials

104

129

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We describe and analyze a process to position a ∼ 1 nm thick molecular layer between two solid surfaces without damage to the molecules. The method is used to deposit a metal film in a soft, gentle manner on a semiconductor, yielding functional semiconductor/molecule/metal junctions. It is a combination of the lift‐off procedure, known from, for example, lithography, and the bonding process, known from, for example, wafer bonding. The combined method may find application also outside the area described here. We point out its major difficulties as well as solutions to overcome them. For this we rely on concepts from the physics of liquid and solid surfaces and interfaces. Conditions are found, in terms of choice of solvents, under which the method will be effective. The efficacy of floatation as a soft contacting procedure is demonstrated by the preparation of Au and Al contacts on GaAs single crystal surfaces, modified by a self‐assembled monolayer of small organic molecules. The resulting electrical properties of the contacts depend crucially on how the molecular interface with the contacting metal is formed. This type of wet contacting procedure to make dry devices may be advantageous especially if biomolecules are used.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soft Contact Deposition onto Molecularly Modified GaAs. Thin Metal Film Flotation: Principles and Electrical Effects

Vilan

Cahen²

2002

Adv Funct Materials

104

129

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“…39,40 Apart from the bulk gold electrodes all other electrodes were prepared via the evaporation of gold which has been shown to give predominantly the Au(111) crystal face. [41][42][43] The gold surfaces investigated (with the root-mean-square roughness, Rrms, measured with a scanning tunnelling microscope in brackets) were bulk gold (5.1 ± 0.5), gold evaporated onto a cold mica surface (7.7 ± 0.3), evaporated onto a mica surface heated to 300˚C followed by annealing at this temperature (0.32 ± 0.03), evaporated onto mica followed by removal of the mica to reveal an atomically flat gold surface (0.12 ± 0.03), evaporated onto a microscope slide with a titanium adhesion layer (2.1 ± 0.5) and evaporated onto a microscope slide with a 3-mercaptopropylsilane (MPS) adhesion layer (0.95 ± 0.05).…”

Section: Gold Surfacesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parameters Important in Fabricating Enzyme Electrodes Using Self-Assembled Monolayers of Alkanethiols

et al. 2001

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The immobilization of enzymes on the surface of electrodes modified with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) provides a number of advantages as a method for the fabrication of enzyme electrodes. Using SAMs has the potential to provide enzyme electrodes with a high degree of reproducibility, 1,2 molecular level control over the spatial distribution of the immobilized enzymes 3-14 and the immobilization of the enzyme close to the electrode thus allowing direct electron transfer to be achieved. [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] These advantages have resulted in a recent surge in research into self-assembled monolayers for biosensor applications in general, and enzyme electrodes in particular. [25][26][27] However, despite the plethora of biosensor research papers using self-assembled monolayers as the base onto which the biomolecule is immobilized, there has been very little fundamental research into what steps are important in the fabrication process or which parameters control the response of the resultant biosensor.Alkanethiols modifying gold are the most popular SAMs. 25,26 The interaction between the thiol groups and the gold results in a strong pseudocovalent bond 28 which is stable throughout the potential range of 0.8 V to -1.4 V versus Ag/AgCl before being oxidatively or reductively desorbed. 29,30 If the alkanethiol has appropriate chemical functionality, such as an amine or carboxylic acid moiety, then once the SAM is formed, enzymes and other biomolecules can be easily covalently bound to the SAM. In this way, a monolayer or submonolayer of enzyme is immobilized. For enzyme electrodes a short alkyl chain alkanethiol, usually three carbons long, is chosen so that the enzyme is as close as possible to the electrode. An additional advantage of the short alkyl chain is that a relatively disordered SAM is formed which means the underlying metal is still electrochemically accessible. In contrast, if a long chain alkanethiol is used the electrode is passivated unless defects are deliberately introduced into the SAM. 31 There are a number of steps in the fabrication of an enzyme electrode using an alkanethiol. First, the metal surface must be prepared and cleaned. The alkanethiol must self-assemble onto the metal, followed by activation of the chemical functionality of the SAM, leading finally to the exposure of the activated SAM to the enzyme which is when attachment occurs. There are however many unknowns in this fabrication process. Questions that needs answers are: what effect does the roughness of the gold surface have? How long should the metal be exposed to the alkanethiol solution to allow a stable SAM to be formed? What is the optimal procedure for activating the SAM for enzyme attachment? How long should the activated SAM be exposed to enzyme? What should the concentration of the enzyme solution be during enzyme immobilization? Does the buffer used have any effect on subsequent performance? Can the amount of enzyme immobilized be controlled and do different enzyme loadings lead to different electr...

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“…As commonly observed with annealed Au films, the islands' in-plane shape shows characteristic hexagonal angles, indicating an orientation of the Au {111} planes parallel to the substrate surface. [34,35] Accordingly, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of such samples (Fig. S1, Supporting Information) shows exclusively (111) and (222) peaks.…”

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confidence: 98%

Highly Stable Localized Plasmon Transducers Obtained by Thermal Embedding of Gold Island Films on Glass

et al. 2008

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Vacuum-deposited gold films

Cited by 171 publications

References 24 publications

Soft Contact Deposition onto Molecularly Modified GaAs. Thin Metal Film Flotation: Principles and Electrical Effects

Soft Contact Deposition onto Molecularly Modified GaAs. Thin Metal Film Flotation: Principles and Electrical Effects

Parameters Important in Fabricating Enzyme Electrodes Using Self-Assembled Monolayers of Alkanethiols

Highly Stable Localized Plasmon Transducers Obtained by Thermal Embedding of Gold Island Films on Glass

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