Vaccines for substance abuse treatment: new approaches in the immunotherapy of addictions

Myagkova, M. A.; Morozova, V. S.

doi:10.1007/s11172-018-2290-5

Cited by 3 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 104 publications

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“…The idea of an immunotherapy-based approach-including the use of vaccinesto treat addiction can be found in the literature as early as the 1960s and 1970s [1,25]. However, opiate receptor antagonists and methadone-based treatments have become the mainstay of treatment, as they are less demanding in terms of research, development, and investment requirements [25]. Over time, drawbacks associated with their use have begun to emerge, contributing to researchers once again looking into vaccines [25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, opiate receptor antagonists and methadone-based treatments have become the mainstay of treatment, as they are less demanding in terms of research, development, and investment requirements [25]. Over time, drawbacks associated with their use have begun to emerge, contributing to researchers once again looking into vaccines [25]. Recently, the school of thought that abused drugs are toxins has facilitated the exploration of additional pharmacotherapy and vaccine-based treatments [9,20,26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Vaccines intended for treating drug abuse do so through active immunization by inducing the body to produce polyclonal antibodies in response to an antigen contained in the vaccine [1,3,10,12,17,22,[26][27][28][29][30][31]. Vaccines for treating drug abuse typically consist of a hapten, a conjugate protein/macromolecular carrier, and an adjuvant [25,32]. A hapten is a structurally modified drug molecule to which a chemical linker has been attached [2,11,29,33].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The conjugate protein/macromolecular carrier is the component of the vaccine that is immunogenic, and is linked to the hapten. The overall structure is known as a hapten-conjugate protein/macromolecular carrier [1][2][3]6,9,11,[14][15][16][17][21][22][23]25,26,29,[32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42]. Adjuvants include aluminum-containing substances that enhance the immune response to an antigen, thereby producing stronger immunity [1,6,8,10,14,25,35].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The overall structure is known as a hapten-conjugate protein/macromolecular carrier [1][2][3]6,9,11,[14][15][16][17][21][22][23]25,26,29,[32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42]. Adjuvants include aluminum-containing substances that enhance the immune response to an antigen, thereby producing stronger immunity [1,6,8,10,14,25,35]. Adjuvants are common in vaccines against drug abuse.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vaccines against Drug Abuse—Are We There Yet?

Bloom

Bushell

2022

Vaccines

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Background: Drug abuse is a worldwide problem that is detrimental to public health. The potential for drug abuse extends to both legal and illicit drugs. Drawbacks associated with current treatments include limited effectiveness, potential side effects and, in some instances, the absence of or concerns with approved therapy options. A significant amount of clinical research has been conducted investigating immunotherapy as a treatment option against drug abuse. Vaccines against drug abuse have been the main area of research, and are the focus of this review. Methods: An extensive search using “EBSCOhost (Multiple database collection)” with all 28 databases enabled (including “Academic Search Ultimate”, “CINAHL Plus with Full Text”, and MEDLINE), interrogation of the ClinicalTrials.gov website, and searches of individual clinical trial registration numbers, was performed in February and March of 2022. This search extended to references within the obtained articles. Results: A total of 23 registered clinical trials for treating drug abuse were identified: 15 for treatment of nicotine abuse (all vaccine-based trials), 6 against cocaine abuse (4 were vaccine-based trials and 2 were metabolic-enzyme-based trials), 1 against methamphetamine abuse (a monoclonal-antibody-based trial), and 1 multivalent opioid treatment (vaccine-based trial). As indicated on the ClinicalTrials.gov website (Home—ClinicalTrials.gov), the status of all but two of these trials was “Completed”. Phase 3 clinical trials were completed only for vaccine treatments against nicotine abuse. Conclusion: Evidence in the form of efficacy data indicates that vaccines are not an option for treating nicotine or cocaine abuse. Efficacy data are yet to be obtained through completion of clinical trials for vaccines against opioid abuse. These findings align with the absence of regulatory approval for any of these treatments. This review further highlights the need for novel treatment strategies in instances where patients do not respond to current treatments, and while the search for efficacious vaccine-based treatments continues.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Vaccines against Drug Abuse—Are We There Yet?

Bloom

Bushell

2022

Vaccines

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Anti-cocaine Vaccine Development: Where Are We Now and Where Are We Going?

Stephenson

Tóth

2023

J. Med. Chem.

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Cocaine is one of the oldest and most widely used illicit drugs in the world and is responsible for major worldwide medical and social problems. Drug addiction is a disease state where the body relies on a substance for normal functioning and develops a physical dependence leading to compulsive and repetitive use despite negative consequences to the user's health, mental state, or social life. The primary driver for the development of anti-cocaine vaccines has been the failure to develop effective pharmacological treatments to combat cocaine dependence. Despite several decades of research, no approved pharmacological treatments for cocaine dependence are available to assist addicts to overcome cocaine withdrawal or to prevent drug relapse. This Perspective highlights the challenges associated with anti-cocaine vaccines, including the current state of anti-cocaine vaccines and catalytic antibody research to aid in the fight against cocaine addiction.

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