Vaccines and Vaccine Adjuvants as Biological Response Modifiers

Speil, C.A.; Rzepka, Rafał

doi:10.1016/j.idc.2011.07.004

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…The goal of all of these tumor vaccines is try to expose patients to those tumor antigens which can provoke an antitumor immune response via the generation of tumor specific antibodies and/or T-cells. Vaccines are one type of biologic response modifier, and BCG was the first one to be used in cancer therapy, for treatment of bladder carcinoma [45] , where it indirectly increases the expression of tumor antigens after the tumor cells internalize the bacteria. This induces an intense and complex coordinated release of multiple cytokines, including those from T helper 1 cells (IL-2, IL-12, IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor), as well as those from T helper 2 cells (IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10).…”

Section: Biologic Modifiers: Cytokines and Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cancer immunotherapy: a brief review of the history, possibilities, and challenges ahead

Oiseth¹,

Aziz²

2017

JCMT

261

199

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The knowledge that the body possesses natural defenses to combat cancer existed long before the modern period, with multiple anecdotal reports of tumors miraculously disappearing, sometimes spontaneously or after a febrile or infectious episode. Spontaneous tumor regression of untreated malignant tumors is currently a well-accepted albeit rare phenomenon, and it is recognized that immunosuppression is associated with a higher cancer risk. The treatment of bladder carcinoma by intravesical administration of live attenuated Bacillus CalmetteGuérin bacteria was shown to be very effective in 1976 and is now standard treatment. Effective immunity against cancer involves complex interactions between the tumor, the host, and the environment. Cancer immunotherapy uses various strategies to augment tumor immunity and represents a paradigm shift in treating cancer, since attention has become more focused on the "biologic passport" of the individual tumor rather than the site of origin of the tumor. The different types of cancer immunotherapies discussed here include biologic modifiers, such as cytokines and vaccines, adoptive cell therapies, oncolytic viruses, and antibodies against immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as the co-inhibitory T-cell receptor PD-1 and one of its ligands, programmed death-ligand 1. Key words:Cancer immunotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, PD-1, programmed death-ligand 1, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4, adoptive cell therapy, cancer vaccines, oncolytic viruses, history of cancer immunology ABSTRACTArticle history:

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Section: Biologic Modifiers: Cytokines and Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cancer immunotherapy: a brief review of the history, possibilities, and challenges ahead

Oiseth¹,

Aziz²

2017

JCMT

261

199

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“…A vaccine is defined as a biological response modifier (Speil and Rzepka 2011) that triggers the immune system against specific antigens. However, the world is facing vaccine efficacy issues in the development of effective adaptive immune responses in different societies due to various economic, social and biological factors (Siddiqui et al 2012(Siddiqui et al , 2020.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune-adjuvant effect of vitamin A and probiotics supplementation on humoral response to cell culture rabies vaccine in rabbits

et al. 2023

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This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of vitamin A (Vit A) and probiotic co-supplementation with rabies vaccine on humoral immune response in New Zealand white (NZW) rabbits. For this experiment, 54 rabbits were randomized into six experimental and three control groups. Mixed cultures of commercial probiotics supplements and a dose of Vit A were administered to each animal. Results were compared with the control group fed with only basal diet. Animals in different treatment groups showed significantly higher sero-conversions against rabies vaccine. There was a significant increase (p < 0.001) in the titers of rabies antibodies in all treatment groups on 14th and 35th days than control C3 group. Both commercial probiotics irrespective of brand increase the humoral immune response of rabbits against rabies vaccine. The mean titer values of all groups G1-G6 and sub-controls (C1, C2) were generally above 3.6 EU/ml on day 14th and between 3.7 and 3.9 EU/ml, showing highest sero-conversion on 35th day than mean titer of C3 control = 3.091 and 3.505 EU/ml respectively on both days. The maximum titer values were obtained with the addition of organic carrots to the daily diet. These results suggest that simple dietary interventions using probiotics and Vit A in natural form may enhance the efficacy of rabies vaccine in the host. These cost-effective strategies can be applied for getting higher yields of polyclonal antibody production in animal models, thus providing promising means of improving the final product yield and can be adopted easily by the manufacturers.

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“…[46] BCG was the first vaccine used as cancer immunotherapy for treating bladder carcinoma. [47] Oncolytic viruses are the combination of biologic therapy and immunotherapy. Viruses which are used for this method has genetically modified to lack virulence against normal cell but has a selective feature to invade and lyse cancer cells.…”

Section: Role Of Immunotherapy In Cancer Management 21 History and Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

The New Era of Immunotherapy in Bile Duct Cancer Management

Lesmana¹,

Mandasari²

2020

Immunosuppression

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Bile duct carcinoma or well known as cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is the second most common of primary liver malignancy after hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Although cholangiocarcinoma is a rare cancer, it has an aggressive feature with very poor prognosis. The epidemiological profile of cholangiocarcinoma varies widely across the world, which is reflecting the exposure of different risk factors, such as chronic inflammatory disease of the biliary tract, specific infectious disease, and congenital malformation. Diagnosis of CCA is quite challenging. CCA is generally asymptomatic in the early stages. Therefore, the management of this malignancy is often delayed due to late diagnosed, where the metastasis has already present or even when it is causing bile duct obstruction. Treatment for CCA is often difficult and should be managed in the tertiary referral hospital with a multidisciplinary team approach. Surgical treatment with complete resection could be benefit only for patient with early stage of the disease. Other treatment modalities as adjuvant therapy are also have been developed to improve survival of the patient, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, molecular targeted therapy, targeting angiogenesis and EGFR, and immunotherapy. Recently, immunotherapy has also been developed as a new cancer treatment option and showed a promising result. Whether immunotherapy can be useful for treatment biliary malignancy is still controversial. Hence, a lot of studies is still required to confirm the preliminary findings.

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Vaccines and Vaccine Adjuvants as Biological Response Modifiers

Cited by 9 publications

References 95 publications

Cancer immunotherapy: a brief review of the history, possibilities, and challenges ahead

Cancer immunotherapy: a brief review of the history, possibilities, and challenges ahead

Immune-adjuvant effect of vitamin A and probiotics supplementation on humoral response to cell culture rabies vaccine in rabbits

The New Era of Immunotherapy in Bile Duct Cancer Management

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