Cancer immunotherapy: a brief review of the history, possibilities, and challenges ahead

Oiseth, Stanley J.; Aziz, Mohamed

doi:10.20517/2394-4722.2017.41

Cited by 261 publications

(224 citation statements)

References 108 publications

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“…Immunotherapies are a rapidly growing field of cancer treatments that have had varying degrees of success in the clinic 1,2 . Using imaging to track the migration of immune cells in response to both cancer and cancer therapies is valuable for understanding the underlying immunogenic mechanisms, particularly when used longitudinally.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell density quantification with TurboSPI: R2* mapping with compensation for off-resonance fat modulation

O’Brien-Moran

Bowen

Rioux

et al. 2019

Magn Reson Mater Phy

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Tracking the migration of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) labeled immune cells in vivo is valuable for understanding the immunogenic response to cancer and therapies. While many sequences are sensitive to SPIO contrast, they lack specificity and provide only semi-quantitative information. Quantitative cell tracking using compressed sensing TurboSPI-based R2* mapping is a promising development to improve accuracy in longitudinal studies on immune recruitment. The phaseencoded TurboSPI sequence provides high fidelity relaxation data in the form of signal time-courses with high temporal resolution. However, early in vivo applications of this method revealed that simple mono-exponential R2* fitting performs poorly due to the contaminant fat signal in voxels surrounding regions of interest, such as flank tumors and lymph nodes adjacent to adipose tissue. This is especially problematic if there is poor infiltration to the tumor such that immune cells remain near the periphery. The presence of an off-resonance fat isochromat results in modulations in the signal time-course can be erroneously fit as R2* signal decay, thereby overestimating the density of SPIO labeled cells. Simply excluding any voxel with fat-typical modulations results in underestimates in voxels that have mixed content. We propose using a more comprehensive dual-decay (R2f* and R2w*) Dixonbased signal model that accounts for the potential presence of fat in a voxel to better estimate SPIO induced de-phasing. In silico single voxel simulations illustrate how the proposed signal model provides stable R2w* estimates that are invariant to fat content. The proposed dual-decay model outperforms previous methods when applied to in vitro samples of SPIO labeled cells and oil prepared with oil content ≥15%. Preliminary in vivo results show that, compared to previous methods, the dual-decay Dixon model improves the balance of R2* specificity versus sensitivity, which in turn will result in more reliable analysis in future cell tracking studies.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell density quantification with TurboSPI: R2* mapping with compensation for off-resonance fat modulation

O’Brien-Moran

Bowen

Rioux

et al. 2019

Magn Reson Mater Phy

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“…The vaccine has been introduced for the treatment of bladder cancer and has been used in clinics since the 1970s. These and other key events in cancer immunology are discussed in several recent review articles [61,62].…”

Section: Plant Vlp-derived Anticancer Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in the Use of Plant Virus-Like Particles as Vaccines

Baļķe

Zeltiņš

2020

Viruses

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Vaccination is one of the most effective public health interventions of the 20th century. All vaccines can be classified into different types, such as vaccines against infectious diseases, anticancer vaccines and vaccines against autoimmune diseases. In recent decades, recombinant technologies have enabled the design of experimental vaccines against a wide range of diseases using plant viruses and virus-like particles as central elements to stimulate protective and long-lasting immune responses. The analysis of recent publications shows that at least 97 experimental vaccines have been constructed based on plant viruses, including 71 vaccines against infectious agents, 16 anticancer vaccines and 10 therapeutic vaccines against autoimmune disorders. Several plant viruses have already been used for the development of vaccine platforms and have been tested in human and veterinary studies, suggesting that plant virus-based vaccines will be introduced into clinical and veterinary practice in the near future.

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“…Cancer therapy is mainly based on surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy and targeted therapy. Immunotherapy is a rapidly growing field for cancer therapy, activating the immune system through active or passive immunotherapy [82]. More than 80 therapeutic antibodies have been granted permission for clinical use and more than 570 are currently being tested in various clinical phases [83].…”

Section: O-acetylated Gangliosides As Targets For Immunotherapymentioning

confidence: 99%

O-acetylated Gangliosides as Targets for Cancer Immunotherapy

Cavdarli

Delannoy

Groux-Degroote

2020

Cells

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O-acetylation of sialic acid residues is one of the main modifications of gangliosides, and modulates ganglioside functions.O-acetylation of gangliosides is dependent on sialyl-O-acetyltransferases and sialyl-O-acetyl-esterase activities. CAS1 Domain-Containing Protein 1 (CASD1) is the only human sialyl-O-acetyltransferases (SOAT) described until now. O-acetylated ganglioside species are mainly expressed during embryonic development and in the central nervous system in healthy adults, but are re-expressed during cancer development and are considered as markers of cancers of neuroectodermal origin. However, the specific biological roles of O-acetylated gangliosides in developing and malignant tissues have not been extensively studied, mostly because of the requirement of specific approaches and tools for sample preparation and analysis. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of ganglioside biosynthesis and expression in normal and pathological conditions, of ganglioside O-acetylation analysis and expression in cancers, and of the possible use of O-acetylated gangliosides as targets for cancer immunotherapy. a potential functional significance of ganglioside O-acetylation in cancer. The use of O-acetylated gangliosides as targets for cancer immunotherapy is also discussed. Ganglioside Structures and BiosynthesisGangliosides are acidic GSL containing from one to five sialic acids residues. They are mainly, but not exclusively, derived from ganglio-series GSL (GgCer) that result from the substitution of a ceramide (Cer) by the tetrasaccharide core Galβ1-3GalNAcβ1-4Galβ1-4Glcβ (Gg4). In different cell types and tissues, gangliosides are usually found as a mixture of di-, tri-and tetrasaccharide cores substituted by one or more sialic acid residues [1,5]. The biosynthesis of gangliosides takes place in the Golgi apparatus and starts by the transfer of sialic acid residues to lactosylceramide (LacCer) by specific sialyltransferases, i.e., the CMP-Neu5Ac: LacCer α2,3-sialyltransferase ST3Gal V (GM3 synthase) [6], the CMP-Neu5Ac: GM3 α2,8-sialyltransferase ST8Sia I (GD3 synthase) [7] and the CMP-Neu5Ac: GD3 α2,8-sialyltransferase ST8Sia V [8], that show high specificity toward glycolipid substrates [9]. Thus, LacCer, GM3, GD3 and GT3 are the precursors for 0-, a-, b-and c-series gangliosides, respectively (Figure 1).

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Cancer immunotherapy: a brief review of the history, possibilities, and challenges ahead

Cited by 261 publications

References 108 publications

Cell density quantification with TurboSPI: R2* mapping with compensation for off-resonance fat modulation

Cell density quantification with TurboSPI: R2* mapping with compensation for off-resonance fat modulation

Recent Advances in the Use of Plant Virus-Like Particles as Vaccines

O-acetylated Gangliosides as Targets for Cancer Immunotherapy

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