Vaccine matching and antigenic variability of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes O and A from 2018 Ethiopian isolates

Tesfaye, Yeneneh; Khan, Fazlurrahman; Gelaye, Esayas

doi:10.1007/s10123-021-00178-w

Cited by 7 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Our finding agreed with various researchers that stated that r1-values greater than 0.3 were indicative of a serological/antigenic match between the tested field isolates and vaccine strain viruses [3,24,34,35]. This is also supported by other researchers [21] that show, for the vaccine strains A/ETH/6/2000 and O/ETH/38/2005, an r1-value between 0.40 and 0.39 for serotypes A and O, respectively. On the contrary, some isolates had a poor serological/antigenic match between the vaccine strain and field strain (r1-value from 0.2 to 0.3) for both serotype A and O but not for SAT-2.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…To the best of our knowledge, limited studies have been conducted to evaluate the serological relationship between the vaccine strains and the field strains in Ethiopia. Two studies of Tesfaye et al [ 20 , 21 ] documented the serological relationship between the field strain with the currently used vaccine strain using a one-dimensional virus-neutralization test (1dm-VNT) for serotype O and A that covered heterologous viruses of central Ethiopia and spanned an outbreak period of two years. To apply an organized control strategy, the capacity of the locally produced vaccines to induce an immune response, as well as the serological relationship between recently circulating viruses and the vaccine strain in use, should be identified.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Humoral Immune Response in Calves Vaccinated with Monovalent Vaccines or a Trivalent Combination Thereof and Matching of These Vaccines to the Selected Circulating Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses in Ethiopia

Woldemariyam,

Negessu,

Bilata

et al. 2023

Vaccines

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Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an endemic, highly contagious, and devastating disease of livestock production in Ethiopia. Control of this disease relies mainly on prophylactic vaccination by willing farmers without a countrywide vaccination program. The objectives of this study were to quantify the humoral immune response and evaluation of the serological relationship of the vaccine strain used with representative field strain isolates. This was performed by primo vaccination of 6–9-month-old Holstein Friesian calves (35 treatment and 4 control calves) on day one and booster vaccination on day 28. Calves were vaccinated using the locally available National Veterinary Institute (NVI), Bishoftu, Ethiopia, inactivated aluminum hydroxide adjuvant monovalent (either O, A, SAT-2 alone) or trivalent (combination of A, O, SAT-2) vaccine (A/ETH/6/2000 (G-VII, O/ETH/38/2005(EA-3) and SAT-2/ETH/64/2009(XIII)). A 2 mL or 4 mL dose was used to vaccinate all calves except the animals that served as a control. In the case of the trivalent vaccine, a 4 mL dose was used to vaccinate calves. The serum was collected at 7, 14, 21, 28, and 56 days post-vaccination (d.p.v.). The humoral immune response was quantified by the solid-phase competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (SPC ELISA) and the virus-neutralization test (VNT). The serological relationship of heterologous and homologous viruses was also evaluated by adjuvant vaccine matching tests. The r1-value was determined using serum collected 21 d.p.v. An increase in immune response was observed from 7 d.p.v. to 28 d.p.v. in calves who received a 4 mL dose containing a 107.24 antigen load of 100 tissue culture infective dose (100TCID50) virus titer in the formulation. Upon receiving a booster dose on day 28, the humoral immune response was checked on the 56th day post-initial vaccination. Amounts of 54%, 72%, 79%, and 72% of inhibition for A, O, SAT-2, and trivalent vaccine in the three serotypes SPCE, respectively, was measured. Here, it was found that the immune response of calves increased from day 7 to 56, as evidenced by SPCE analysis. Likewise, an increase in antibody titer measured by a one-dimensional virus neutralization assay was also in line with SPCE analysis. This indicates that the vaccine is capable of inducing a neutralizing antibody that confers a protective immune response in 70%, 62%, and 100% heterologous field strains of A, O, and SAT-2 isolates, respectively, and has an average antigenic relationship of >0.3 with a standard deviation of +0.05 (N = 3) to the vaccine strains A/ETH/6/2000, O/ETH/38/2005 and SAT-2/ETH/64/2009, respectively, when using the one-dimensional virus neutralization test. The contribution and importance of this study is a confirmation of the vaccine and the field strain serological relationship for serotype SAT-2 strain and further research/change of vaccination strategy/ improvement in the currently used vaccine to cover a wide range of prevailing genotypes/lineages and induction of sound immune response after vaccination for serotype A and O strain. This study suggests that the trivalent vaccine produced by the National Veterinary Institute containing viral isolates from serotype O, A, and SAT-2 has a good serological relationship with the majority of circulating field strains in Ethiopia.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Humoral Immune Response in Calves Vaccinated with Monovalent Vaccines or a Trivalent Combination Thereof and Matching of These Vaccines to the Selected Circulating Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses in Ethiopia

Woldemariyam,

Negessu,

Bilata

et al. 2023

Vaccines

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“…The development of a smartphone application, for example, to report suspected FMD cases, which is important for rapid outbreak responses, may improve FMD outbreak notification system by shortening the time between finding the suspected cases and FMD case verification by authorities ( 45 ). Also, continuous monitoring of vaccine matching the antigenic characteristic of FMDV causing the outbreaks ( 46 , 47 ) may lead to the control of FMD in Thailand where routine vaccination is performed ( 30 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subdistrict-Level Reproductive Number for Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle in Northern Thailand

Arjkumpa¹,

Picasso-Risso

Pérez

et al. 2021

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is an important contagious transboundary disease that causes a significant economic loss for several countries. The FMD virus (FMDV) can spread very rapidly by direct and indirect transmission among susceptible animals. The complexity and magnitude of FMDV transmission at the initial stages of the epidemic can be expressed by the basic reproductive number (R0), and furthermore, control strategies can be assessed by the estimation of the effective reproductive number. In this study, we aimed to describe FMD outbreaks among smallholder cattle farms by subdistricts in the northern Thailand and compute the effective reproductive number for outbreaks caused by FMDV serotype O and overall serotypes, including serotype O, serotype A, and unidentified serotype, at the subdistrict level (Rsd) using an epidemic doubling time method. Field data of FMD outbreaks during 2015–2017 that affected 94 subdistricts in northern Thailand were assessed to estimate the Rsd. Results showed that 63.38% (90/142) of the FMD outbreak episodes in cattle were caused by FMDV serotype O. The average doubling time and the Rsd estimated of the outbreaks caused by FMDV serotype O and overall serotype were 2.80 and 4.67 months, and 1.06 and 1.04, respectively. Our results indicated that transmission of FMD in cattle at the subdistrict level in northern Thailand was not controlled (Rsd > 1), which indicates the endemicity of the disease in the region. Although control measures are in place, the results from this study highlighted the need for enhancing FMD monitoring and control strategies in northern Thailand.

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“…The National Veterinary Institute (NVI), Debre Zeit (Bishoftu), Ethiopia, currently uses O/ETH/38/2005, SAT2/ETH/65/2010, and A/ETH/7/2000 as vaccine strains. The same author also recommended a regular vaccine matching test of the circulating strain with the vaccine strain [105,106].…”

Section: Vaccinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological Dynamics of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in the Horn of Africa: The Role of Virus Diversity and Animal Movement

Woldemariyam

Kariuki

Kamau

et al. 2023

Viruses

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The Horn of Africa is a large area of arid and semi-arid land, holding about 10% of the global and 40% of the entire African livestock population. The region’s livestock production system is mainly extensive and pastoralist. It faces countless problems, such as a shortage of pastures and watering points, poor access to veterinary services, and multiple endemic diseases like foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Foot-and-mouth disease is one of the most economically important livestock diseases worldwide and is endemic in most developing countries. Within Africa, five of the seven serotypes of the FMD virus (FMDV) are described, but serotype C is not circulating anymore, a burden unseen anywhere in the world. The enormous genetic diversity of FMDV is favored by an error-prone RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, intra-typic and inter-typic recombination, as well as the quasi-species nature of the virus. This paper describes the epidemiological dynamics of foot-and-mouth disease in the Horn of Africa with regard to the serotypes and topotypes distribution of FMDV, the livestock production systems practiced, animal movement, the role of wildlife, and the epidemiological complexity of FMD. Within this review, outbreak investigation data and serological studies confirm the endemicity of the disease in the Horn of Africa. Multiple topotypes of FMDV are described in the literature as circulating in the region, with further evolution of virus diversity predicted. A large susceptible livestock population and the presence of wild ungulates are described as complicating the epidemiology of the disease. Further, the husbandry practices and legal and illegal trading of livestock and their products, coupled with poor biosecurity practices, are also reported to impact the spread of FMDV within and between countries in the region. The porosity of borders for pastoralist herders fuels the unregulated transboundary livestock trade. There are no systematic control strategies in the region except for sporadic vaccination with locally produced vaccines, while literature indicates that effective control measures should also consider virus diversity, livestock movements/biosecurity, transboundary trade, and the reduction of contact with wild, susceptible ungulates.

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Vaccine matching and antigenic variability of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes O and A from 2018 Ethiopian isolates

Cited by 7 publications

References 47 publications

Humoral Immune Response in Calves Vaccinated with Monovalent Vaccines or a Trivalent Combination Thereof and Matching of These Vaccines to the Selected Circulating Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses in Ethiopia

Humoral Immune Response in Calves Vaccinated with Monovalent Vaccines or a Trivalent Combination Thereof and Matching of These Vaccines to the Selected Circulating Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses in Ethiopia

Subdistrict-Level Reproductive Number for Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle in Northern Thailand

Epidemiological Dynamics of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in the Horn of Africa: The Role of Virus Diversity and Animal Movement

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