Vaccine immunology

Abstract

This article provides a review of immunology to enhance understanding of vaccine efficacy and use, and elaborates on the immune response to vaccination. The use of vaccines to prevent infectious diseases represents a tremendous accomplishment of biomedical science, especially considering the complex interplay of the immune system with innumerable pathogens. Vaccines have allowed for total eradication of one disease and have significantly reduced the incidence of other diseases. In order to have a successful vaccine-based eradication program, the infection must be limited to humans without an animal reservoir and only one or a few strains may exist in viral infection. These strains must have constant antigenic properties. A number of vaccine types exist, both traditional and innovative, and are described herein.

Therapies for multiple sclerosis: considerations in the pediatric patient

“…38 third, during the first few months of life, vaccination will induce excellent immune protection, sometimes stronger and more sustained than the same vaccination administered later in life. 39 Fourth, genetic disorders, such as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis 40 and aicardiGoutières syndrome, 41 result in immune-mediated Cns inflammation in young children. last, even infants can Box 1 | Pathobiology of multiple sclerosis T cells mature in the thymus, where they are 'educated' and undergo selection or deletion, and are then released as mature but naive T cells.…”

O uso de vacinas na profilaxia das infecções do trato urinário

“…28 Resposta imune adaptativa tem início quando o patógeno invasor é capaz de se evadir dos mecanismos de defesa envolvidos na resposta imune inata. Sua eficácia está relacionada à interação entre três tipos celulares: as células apresentadoras de antígenos, os linfócitos T derivados do timo e os linfócitos B da medula óssea.…”

“…Esses anticorpos atuam na prevenção ou contenção inicial da infecção e estão envolvidos na destruição de células infectadas através de citotoxicidade dependente de anticorpos ou de lise mediada por complemento. 28 A memória imunológica permite rápido aumento da resposta após nova exposição ao antígeno. Esse efeito desempenha um papel importante na função do sistema imune e é um dos princípios da vacinação.…”

“…Esse efeito desempenha um papel importante na função do sistema imune e é um dos princípios da vacinação. 28 Imunoprofilaxia nas ITU vAcinAs disponíveis ou em desenvolvimento…”

Mikrobiologische und immunologische Konzepte als Grundlage zur Bewertung von Impfungen

“…Liegen folgende Voraussetzungen vor, kann prinzipiell eine dauerhafte lokale und auch globale Eradikation (Auslö-schung) eines mikrobiellen Krankheitserregers erreicht werden: Erlangung steriler Immunität und damit fehlende Replikation des Erregers im Geimpften, Vorkommen des Erregers ausschließlich in einem definierten Wirt (idealerweise nur der Mensch), zuverlässige Erfassung von Erkrankten (Surveillance) und Verfügbar-keit von Massenimpfungen im Rahmen konzertierter Aktionen (Logistik, Impfstoffherstellung; [2]). Eradikation von Erregern hat natürlich wesentliche Folgen für die zukünftige Krankheitslast nachfolgender Generationen und wurde erfolgreich für die Pocken, an denen letztmals 1977 eine Erkrankung auftrat, gezeigt.…”