Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus Outbreaks and Events — Three Provinces, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2017

Alleman, Mary; Chitale, Rohit A.; Burns, Cara C.; Iber, Jane; Dybdahl‐Sissoko, Naomi; Chen, Qi; Koko, Djo-Roy Van; Ewetola, Raimi; Yogolelo, Riziki; Kavunga‐Membo, Hugo; Dah, Cheikh; Andriamihantanirina, Rija

doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6710a4

Cited by 32 publications

(50 citation statements)

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“…Currently, more cases of poliomyelitis are caused globally by VDPVs than WPV and continued use of Sabin-based OPV has seeded additional VDPV outbreaks. Despite the withdrawal of Sabin OPV2, outbreaks have continued to occur in high-risk areas due to circulating type 2 VDPVs present prior to the switch, accidental use of trivalent OPV stocks, and deployment of a global stockpile of monovalent Sabin OPV2 in response to cVDPV2 outbreaks [12][13][14][15] . The latter inherently poses additional risk by reintroducing OPV2 into vulnerable populations 8 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of a new oral poliovirus vaccine for the eradication end game using codon deoptimization

et al. 2020

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Enormous progress has been made in global efforts to eradicate poliovirus, using live-attenuated Sabin oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). However, as the incidence of disease due to wild poliovirus has declined, vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) has emerged in areas of low-vaccine coverage. Coordinated global cessation of routine, type 2 Sabin OPV (OPV2) use has not resulted in fewer VDPV outbreaks, and continued OPV use in outbreak-response campaigns has seeded new emergences in low-coverage areas. The limitations of existing vaccines and current eradication challenges warranted development of more genetically stable OPV strains, most urgently for OPV2. Here, we report using codon deoptimization to further attenuate Sabin OPV2 by changing preferred codons across the capsid to non-preferred, synonymous codons. Additional modifications to the 5′ untranslated region stabilized known virulence determinants. Testing of this codon-deoptimized new OPV2 candidate (nOPV2-CD) in cell and animal models demonstrated that nOPV2-CD is highly attenuated, grows sufficiently for vaccine manufacture, is antigenically indistinguishable from Sabin OPV2, induces neutralizing antibodies as effectively as Sabin OPV2, and unlike Sabin OPV2 is genetically stable and maintains an attenuation phenotype. In-human clinical trials of nOPV2-CD are ongoing, with potential for nOPV strains to serve as critical vaccine tools for achieving and maintaining polio eradication.npj Vaccines (2020) 5:26 ; https://doi.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Accordingly, a global coordinated withdrawal of trivalent Sabin OPV and switch to bivalent OPV (containing only type 1 and 3 Sabin strains) occurred in 2016 11 . Despite the withdrawal of Sabin OPV2, cVDPV outbreaks have continued to emerge in high-risk areas [12][13][14][15] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a new oral poliovirus vaccine for the eradication end game using codon deoptimization

et al. 2020

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“…In 2017, a total of 96 cVDPV2 cases were reported, including 74 cases from Syria (most recent case in September 2017) and 22 from DRC. The outbreak in DRC has continued into 2018, with four cases to date, as of April 24, 2018 (the most recent case occurring in February) ( 9 ). Isolation of cVDVP2 from environmental samples in Mogadishu, Somalia, in late 2017 and early 2018, and related cVDPV2 from environmental samples in Nairobi, Kenya, in early 2018, has confirmed long-term cVDPV2 transmission, in a broad area, although no associated polio cases have been detected to date.…”

Section: Reported Poliovirus Casesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress Toward Polio Eradication — Worldwide, January 2016–March 2018

Khan¹,

Datta²,

Quddus³

et al. 2018

MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.

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“…The live attenuated poliovirus vaccine (OPV) developed by Albert Sabin in 1961 is administered orally [2,3]. Both vaccines are highly effective; however, recipients of OPV excrete mutant variants of Sabin strains [4,5] in stools that can become pathogenic vaccine-derived polioviruses and circulate in the population, occasionally causing disease in unvaccinated persons [6,7]. The limitation of IPV is that it elicits poor intestinal immunity and is not able to stop virus circulation [8,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiplex PCR-Based Neutralization (MPBN) Assay for Titers Determination of the Three Types of Anti-Poliovirus Neutralizing-Antibodies

et al. 2020

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Determination of poliovirus-neutralizing antibodies is an important part of clinical studies of poliovirus vaccines, epidemiological surveillance and seroprevalence studies that are crucial for global polio eradication campaigns. The conventional neutralization test is based on inhibition of cytopathic effect caused by poliovirus by serial dilutions of test serum. It is laborious, time-consuming and not suitable for large scale analysis. To overcome these limitations, a multiplex PCR-based neutralization (MPBN) assay was developed to measure the neutralizing antibody titers of anti-poliovirus sera against three serotypes of the virus in the same reaction and in shorter time. All three anti-poliovirus sera types were analyzed in a single assay. The MPBN assay was reproducible, robust and sensitive. Its lower limits of titration for the three anti-poliovirus sera types were within range of 0.76–1.64 per mL. Different anti-poliovirus sera were tested with conventional and MPBN assays; the results obtained by both methods correlated well and generated similar results. The MPBN is the first neutralization assay that specifically titrates anti-poliovirus antibodies against the three serotypes of the virus in the same reaction; it can be completed in two to three days instead of ten days for the conventional assay and can be automated for high-throughput implementation.

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Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus Outbreaks and Events — Three Provinces, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2017

Cited by 32 publications

References 4 publications

Development of a new oral poliovirus vaccine for the eradication end game using codon deoptimization

Development of a new oral poliovirus vaccine for the eradication end game using codon deoptimization

Progress Toward Polio Eradication — Worldwide, January 2016–March 2018

Multiplex PCR-Based Neutralization (MPBN) Assay for Titers Determination of the Three Types of Anti-Poliovirus Neutralizing-Antibodies

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