Progress Toward Polio Eradication — Worldwide, January 2016–March 2018

Khan, Farrah; Datta, S. Deblina; Quddus, Arshad; Vertefeuille, John; Burns, Cara C.; Jorba, Jaume; Wassilak, Steven G.F.

doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6718a4

Cited by 54 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Exactly those conditions are found for other diseases now on the cusp of global eradication (e.g. polio [4], Dracunculiasis [5] and human Africa trypanosomiasis [6]). It follows that effective disease elimination might be guided by techniques for differentiating between efforts that will lead to stable disease elimination and scenarios where cases are diminished without a corresponding shift in the system's stability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Early warning signals of malaria resurgence in Kericho, Kenya

2020

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Campaigns to eliminate infectious diseases could be greatly aided by methods for providing early warning signals of resurgence. Theory predicts that as a disease transmission system undergoes a transition from stability at the disease-free equilibrium to sustained transmission, it will exhibit characteristic behaviours known as critical slowing down, referring to the speed at which fluctuations in the number of cases are dampened, for instance the extinction of a local transmission chain after infection from an imported case. These phenomena include increases in several summary statistics, including lag-1 autocorrelation, variance and the first difference of variance. Here, we report the first empirical test of this prediction during the resurgence of malaria in Kericho, Kenya. For 10 summary statistics, we measured the approach to criticality in a rolling window to quantify the size of effect and directions. Nine of the statistics increased as predicted and variance, the first difference of variance, autocovariance, lag-1 autocorrelation and decay time returned early warning signals of critical slowing down based on permutation tests. These results show that time series of disease incidence collected through ordinary surveillance activities may exhibit characteristic signatures prior to an outbreak, a phenomenon that may be quite general among infectious disease systems.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Early warning signals of malaria resurgence in Kericho, Kenya

2020

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“…These devices are the key assistive technology for improving quality of life because it allow users to live independently [13], and increase their, and their dependents', economic well-being [14]. While polio vaccinations have reduced the number of new cases to less than 100 globally in 2018 [15], the lifelong effects on the approximately 15−20 million global polio survivors [16] remains prevalent. Additionally, symptoms do not remain stable, a revival of symptoms known as post-polio syndrome can affect up to 20−30% of survivors [17] 15−40 years after initial contraction [18].…”

Section: Background a Kafos For Polio Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, while these technologies are readily available in developed countries, countries which have the largest population with polio afflictions (e.g. Nigeria, Pakistan, India [15], [23]), are also amongst those with the largest socioeconomic inequalities in terms of access to healthcare. Additionally, these countries also have the youngest populations of polio survivors [24] due to global vaccination programs in 1988 to eradicate the virus.…”

Section: Background a Kafos For Polio Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Cost Textile Myoelectric Control of Knee-Ankle-Foot-Orthosis

Pitou

Michael

Bapat

et al. 2019

2019 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC)

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The poorest populations in the world have the highest prevalence of lower limb disabilities, and lack of access to healthcare prevents many from lifting themselves out of poverty. This is particularly true for the large population of poliomyelitis-affected inhabitants of India, whose quality of life would benefit substantially from the provision of affordable, yet modern, dynamic knee-ankle-foot orthoses to assist in ambulation. To this end, this paper reports a study into the use of a low-cost, textile-based sensor interface for the myoelectric control of lower limb orthoses in restoring gait function. It reports experiments examining the accuracy with which gait events in the healthy limb (e.g., heel strike, toe-off) can be detected through the textile interface, with a view to triggering discrete control modes of a smart orthosis (i.e., knee lock and release) to support the atrophied limb during walking. Results show that prediction accuracy through the proposed interface (∼ 70%) approaches that of more traditional medical-grade sensors, despite its substantially lower cost.

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“…When the Global Polio Eradication Initiative was initiated in 1988, there were approximately 350,000 paralytic poliomyelitis cases annually, in 125 countries. A total of 22 cases caused by WPV were reported in 2017 in only two countries, a reduction of >99.99% . As of July 10, only 12 cases have been reported in 2018 (Fig.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…A total of 22 cases caused by WPV were reported in 2017 in only two countries, a reduction of >99.99%. 5,6 As of July 10, only 12 cases have been reported in 2018 ( Fig. 1A).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress of polio eradication and containment requirements after eradication

Oberste

2018

Transfusion

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Wild poliovirus (WPV) is nearing eradication, and only three countries have never interrupted WPV transmission (Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Nigeria). WPV2 was last detected in 1999, and it was declared eradicated in 2015. WPV3 has not been detected since 2012. Since 2016, WPV1 has been detected in only two countries (Afghanistan and Pakistan), with only 22 cases reported in 2017 and 12 cases reported in 2018 (as of July 10). Because of WPV2 eradication and the risk of emergence of type 2 vaccine–derived polioviruses from continued use of trivalent oral polio vaccine (OPV), trivalent OPV was replaced by bivalent OPV (types 1 and 3) in a globally coordinated effort in 2016. WPV2 eradication and trivalent OPV cessation also mean that breach of containment in a facility working with type 2 poliovirus is now a major risk to reseed type 2 circulation in the community. As a result, the World Health Organization has developed a “Global Action Plan to minimize poliovirus facility‐associated risk after type‐specific eradication of wild polioviruses and sequential cessation of oral polio vaccine use.” Because poliovirus has long been used as a standard for qualification of intravenous immunoglobulin, disinfectant products, and sanitation methods, poliovirus containment has implications far beyond poliovirus laboratories.

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Progress Toward Polio Eradication — Worldwide, January 2016–March 2018

Cited by 54 publications

References 9 publications

Early warning signals of malaria resurgence in Kericho, Kenya

Early warning signals of malaria resurgence in Kericho, Kenya

Low-Cost Textile Myoelectric Control of Knee-Ankle-Foot-Orthosis

Progress of polio eradication and containment requirements after eradication

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