Vaccine-derived poliovirus from long term excretors and the end game of polio eradication

Martı́n, Javier

doi:10.1016/j.biologicals.2006.02.005

Cited by 65 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…This has been estimated to be between 10 Ϫ4 and 10 Ϫ5 substitutions per base per replication cycle (50). Mutations accumulate sequentially during human infection at a nearly uniform rate of 1 to 2% nucleotide changes per year overall, or 2.5 to 3% for synonymous positions, acting as a molecular clock and making it possible to establish epidemiological and temporal links between polio cases (18,27,43). After immunization with live attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV), key mutations are selected for very rapidly in viruses replicating in the gut, which often leads to an increase in the virulence of poliovirus isolates excreted by vaccinees (50).…”

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confidence: 99%

Changes in Population Dynamics during Long-Term Evolution of Sabin Type 1 Poliovirus in an Immunodeficient Patient

Odoom

Yunus

Dunn

et al. 2008

J Virol

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The evolution of the Sabin strain of type 1 poliovirus in a hypogammaglobulinemia patient for a period of 649 days is described. Twelve poliovirus isolates from sequential stool samples encompassing days 21 to 649 after vaccination with Sabin 1 were characterized in terms of their antigenic properties, virulence in transgenic mice, sensitivity for growth at high temperatures, and differences in nucleotide sequence from the Sabin 1 strain. Poliovirus isolates from the immunodeficient patient evolved gradually toward non-temperaturesensitive and neurovirulent phenotypes, accumulating mutations at key nucleotide positions that correlated with the observed reversion to biological properties typical of wild polioviruses. Analysis of plaque-purified viruses from stool samples revealed complex genetic and evolutionary relationships between the poliovirus strains. The generation of various coevolving genetic lineages incorporating different mutations was observed at early stages of virus excretion. The main driving force for genetic diversity appeared to be the selection of mutations at attenuation sites, particularly in the 5 noncoding region and the VP1 BC loop. Recombination between virus strains from the two main lineages was observed between days 63 and 88. Genetic heterogeneity among plaque-purified viruses at each time point seemed to decrease with time, and only viruses belonging to a unique genotypic lineage were seen from day 105 after vaccination. The relevance of vaccine-derived poliovirus strains for disease surveillance and future polio immunization policies is discussed in the context of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative.

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confidence: 99%

Changes in Population Dynamics during Long-Term Evolution of Sabin Type 1 Poliovirus in an Immunodeficient Patient

Odoom

Yunus

Dunn

et al. 2008

J Virol

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“…The symptoms of enterovirus infections range from asymptomatic to mild symptoms to serious complications and death. EVs are also known to cause persistent infections in humans, lasting for several months (Martin 2004;Martin 2006;Li et al, 2013). This wide variation in the degree of disease symptoms likely reflects the significant genetic variation not only among different enterovius serotypes, but within strains belonging to 458 C Durga Rao the same serotype (Borzakian et al, 1993;Duncan et al, 1998;Ramsingh and Collins 1995;Coleman et al, 2008;Yetterberg et al, 1987;Song et al, 2012;Rao et al, 2012;Rao et al, 2013;Rao et al, 2014).…”

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confidence: 99%

Non-Polio Enteroviruses, the Neglected and Emerging Human Pathogens:Are we Waiting for the Sizzling Enterovirus Volcano to Erupt?

Rao¹

2015

Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy

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Enteroviruses consist of a large group of pathogenic viruses, poliovirus being the notorious member. For the last several decades, all the attention and resources were directed towards control and eradication of poliomyelitis in India. There is very little research on non-polio enteroviruses (NPEVs), the cousins of poliovirus, which are associated with a wide range of diseases, especially in infants and young children. We have established an active research group on NPEVs during the last six years and showed that about 35% of non-polio acute flaccid paralysis (NP-AFP) children were positive for NPEV infections, and detected 66 serotypes in NP-AFP children, EV71 being more frequently detected followed by Echovirus 13 and CVB5. Long-term comparative epidemiological studies on NPEVs and rotavirus in acute diarrhoea revealed for the first time, that, NPEV association is as significant as that of rotavirus. A surprising observation was the contrasting seasonal prevalence between enterovus-and rotavirus-associated diarrhoea, the former predominating in non-winter months and the latter occurring primarily in the winter season. NPEVs were associated with epidemics-like outbreaks during which they were detected in up to 50% children with acute diarrhoea. In recent years, enterovirus has been identified to be associated with acute encephalitis cases in Uttar Pradesh. HFMD outbreaks have been reported in recent years, including a major outbreak in Bangalore in 2013. Since, no studies exist in India on the biology of EVs, including HFMD, we have recently initiated work on this emerging disease. Our studies uncover an urgent need for detailed studies on these "so far" neglected and emerging viruses for effective child health management in the country.

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“…This definition follows from the high rate of nucleotide sequence evolution in poliovirus (ϳ1% per year) (9) and the normal period of poliovirus excretion of Ͻ3 months (10). VDPVs are distributed into three categories: (i) circulating VDPVs (cVDPVs) associated with outbreaks in settings of low OPV coverage (8,11,12), (ii) immunodeficiency-associated VDPVs (iVDPVs) from prolonged infections of persons with primary immunodeficiencies (8,11,(13)(14)(15)(16), and (iii) ambiguous VDPVs (aVDPVs) isolated from immunocompetent persons or the environment (8,11,12). Environmental aVDPVs in countries with high poliovirus vaccine coverage may signal latent chronic infections, but none of the infected persons have been identified so far (3,8,(17)(18)(19)(20).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The Tallinn sewage isolates had properties typical of iVDPVs excreted by a chronically infected individual with a primary immunodeficiency, most likely common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) (3,32). Unlike most individuals with iVDPV infections who either clear their infections or die within a year from complications of their immunodeficiency (8,33), infected individuals with CVID may excrete iVDPVs for Ͼ5 years (13,15,16,22). Some become paralyzed many years after the initial exposure to OPV (13,16,22), but others have remained asymptomatic (15).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unlike most individuals with iVDPV infections who either clear their infections or die within a year from complications of their immunodeficiency (8,33), infected individuals with CVID may excrete iVDPVs for Ͼ5 years (13,15,16,22). Some become paralyzed many years after the initial exposure to OPV (13,16,22), but others have remained asymptomatic (15). Consequently, environmental surveillance becomes a powerful tool for the detection of chronic, asymptomatic iVDPV infections (4).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Highly Divergent Type 2 and 3 Vaccine-Derived Polioviruses Isolated from Sewage in Tallinn, Estonia

Al-Hello

Jorba

Blomqvist

et al. 2013

J Virol

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Vaccine-derived poliovirus from long term excretors and the end game of polio eradication

Cited by 65 publications

References 9 publications

Changes in Population Dynamics during Long-Term Evolution of Sabin Type 1 Poliovirus in an Immunodeficient Patient

Changes in Population Dynamics during Long-Term Evolution of Sabin Type 1 Poliovirus in an Immunodeficient Patient

Non-Polio Enteroviruses, the Neglected and Emerging Human Pathogens:Are we Waiting for the Sizzling Enterovirus Volcano to Erupt?

Highly Divergent Type 2 and 3 Vaccine-Derived Polioviruses Isolated from Sewage in Tallinn, Estonia

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