Highly Divergent Type 2 and 3 Vaccine-Derived Polioviruses Isolated from Sewage in Tallinn, Estonia

Al-Hello, Haider; Jorba, Jaume; Blomqvist, Soile; Raud, Riina; Kew, Olen M.; Roivainen, Merja

doi:10.1128/jvi.01174-13

Cited by 19 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…However, the NAg sites of individual cVDPV2 isolates described here incorporated no more than 5 replacements, unlike the more highly divergent NAg sites of iVDPV isolates with similar degrees of nucleotide divergence (36,38,40). The differences in the extent of NAg site divergence between cVDPVs and iVDPVs may provide further insights into the epidemiological significance of environmental aVDPVs in settings where the source patient(s) remains unidentified (33,39,40,(77)(78)(79)(80).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

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Dynamics of Evolution of Poliovirus Neutralizing Antigenic Sites and Other Capsid Functional Domains during a Large and Prolonged Outbreak

Shaw

Jorba

Zhao

et al. 2018

J Virol

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We followed the dynamics of capsid amino acid replacement among 403 Nigerian outbreak isolates of type 2 circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV2) from 2005 through 2011. Four different functional domains were analyzed: 1) neutralizing antigenic (NAg) sites, 2) residues binding the poliovirus receptor (PVR), 3) VP1 residues 1-32, and 4) the capsid structural core. Amino acid replacements mapped to 37 of 43 positions across all 4 NAg sites; the most variable and polymorphic residues were in NAg sites 2 and 3b. The most divergent of the 120 NAg variants had no more than 5 replacements in all NAg sites, and were still neutralized at titers similar to those of Sabin 2. PVR-binding residues were less variable (25 different variants; 0-2 replacements/isolate; 30/44 invariant positions), with the most variable residues also forming parts of NAg sites 2 and 3a. Residues 1-32 of VP1 were highly variable (133 different variants; 0-6 replacements/isolate; 5/32 invariant positions), with residues 1-18 predicted to form a well-conserved amphipathic helix. Replacement events were dated by mapping them onto the branches of time-scaled phylogenies. Rates of amino acid replacement varied widely across positions and followed no simple substitution model. Replacements into the structural core were the most conservative and were fixed at an overall rate ∼20-fold lower than rates for the NAg sites and VP1 1-32, and ∼5-fold lower than the rate for the PVR-binding sites. Only VP1-143-Ile, a non-NAg site surface residue and known attenuation site, appeared to be under strong negative selection. The high rate of poliovirus evolution is offset by strong selection against amino acid replacement at most positions of the capsid. Consequently, poliovirus vaccines developed from strains isolated decades ago have been used worldwide to bring wild polioviruses almost to extinction. The apparent antigenic stability of poliovirus obscures a dynamic of continuous change within the neutralizing antigenic (NAg) sites. During seven years of a large outbreak in Nigeria, the circulating type 2 vaccine-derived polioviruses generated 120 different NAg site variants via multiple independent pathways. Nonetheless, overall antigenic evolution was constrained, as no isolate had fixed more than 5 amino acid differences from the Sabin 2 NAg sites, and the most divergent isolates were efficiently neutralized by human immune sera. Evolution elsewhere in the capsid was also constrained. Amino acids binding the poliovirus receptor were strongly conserved, and extensive variation in the VP1 amino terminus still conserved a predicted amphipathic helix.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…Antigenic evolution of cVDPVs appears to be slower and less extensive than that of iVDPVs (and environmental aVDPVs that are probably iVDPVs) (37,39,77). Apart from single codon deletions found in some iVDPVs (36,40), the NAg sites of both cVDPV and iVDPV isolates accommodate similar alternative amino acid residues.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Dynamics of Evolution of Poliovirus Neutralizing Antigenic Sites and Other Capsid Functional Domains during a Large and Prolonged Outbreak

Shaw

Jorba

Zhao

et al. 2018

J Virol

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“…Most studies on enteric viruses in sewage only detect the viruses and do not relate the virus sequences identified in sewage to those from patients from the same sampling time and region (27,(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42). Several of the techniques for virus detection in sewage have also been developed for detection of poliovirus in line with the WHO polio eradication program (36,(43)(44)(45)(46)(47)(48)(49).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Pathogenic Viruses in Sewage Provided Early Warnings of Hepatitis A Virus and Norovirus Outbreaks

Hellmér

Paxéus

Magnius

et al. 2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

414

302

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dMost persons infected with enterically transmitted viruses shed large amounts of virus in feces for days or weeks, both before and after onset of symptoms. Therefore, viruses causing gastroenteritis may be detected in wastewater, even if only a few persons are infected. In this study, the presence of eight pathogenic viruses (norovirus, astrovirus, rotavirus, adenovirus, Aichi virus, parechovirus, hepatitis A virus [HAV], and hepatitis E virus) was investigated in sewage to explore whether their identification could be used as an early warning of outbreaks. Samples of the untreated sewage were collected in proportion to flow at Ryaverket, Gothenburg, Sweden. Daily samples collected during every second week between January and May 2013 were pooled and analyzed for detection of viruses by concentration through adsorption to milk proteins and PCR. The largest amount of noroviruses was detected in sewage 2 to 3 weeks before most patients were diagnosed with this infection in Gothenburg. The other viruses were detected at lower levels. HAV was detected between weeks 5 and 13, and partial sequencing of the structural VP1protein identified three different strains. Two strains were involved in an ongoing outbreak in Scandinavia and were also identified in samples from patients with acute hepatitis A in Gothenburg during spring of 2013. The third strain was unique and was not detected in any patient sample. The method used may thus be a tool to detect incipient outbreaks of these viruses and provide early warning before the causative pathogens have been recognized in health care.

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“…Poliovirus could be consistently isolated from the environment in regions with no recorded cases of paralytic polio [2,4,6]. Highly evolved VDPVs that may have been excreted by unidentified chronically infected individuals have also been found [7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Environmental surveillance of viruses by tangential flow filtration and metagenomic reconstruction

et al. 2016

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Highly Divergent Type 2 and 3 Vaccine-Derived Polioviruses Isolated from Sewage in Tallinn, Estonia

Cited by 19 publications

References 29 publications

Dynamics of Evolution of Poliovirus Neutralizing Antigenic Sites and Other Capsid Functional Domains during a Large and Prolonged Outbreak

Dynamics of Evolution of Poliovirus Neutralizing Antigenic Sites and Other Capsid Functional Domains during a Large and Prolonged Outbreak

Detection of Pathogenic Viruses in Sewage Provided Early Warnings of Hepatitis A Virus and Norovirus Outbreaks

Environmental surveillance of viruses by tangential flow filtration and metagenomic reconstruction

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