Vaccination of Black-Footed Ferret (Mustela Nigripes) × Siberian Polecat (M. Eversmanni) Hybrids and Domestic Ferrets (M. Putorius Furo) Against Canine Distemper

Williams, Elizabeth; Anderson, Stanley H.; Cavender, Jacqueline L.; Lynn, Claire; List, K.; Hearn, C. J.; Appel, M. J. G.

doi:10.7589/0090-3558-32.3.417

Cited by 41 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The dynamics of the humoral response in this trial are consistent with investigations of humoral response to MLV vaccination in other species (Halbrooks et al, 1981;Montali et al, 1983;Hoover et al, 1989;Goodrich et al, 1994;Williams et al, 1996) but quantitative comparison of the magnitude of the response to other studies is precluded due to inter-laboratory variations in methodology.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Humoral Response and Protection From Experimental Challenge Following Vaccination of Raccoon Pups With a Modified-Live Canine Distemper Virus Vaccine

Paré

Barker

Crawshaw

et al. 1999

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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Eight 8-wk-old raccoon pups (Procyon lotor) with maternal canine distemper virus (CDV) neutralizing antibodies (NAb) and 24 8-wk-old seronegative pups were administered a commercial modified-live CDV vaccine (Galaxy D, Solvay Animal Health, Inc., Kitchener, Ontario, Canada). All 24 seronegative raccoons had detectable serum CDV NAb titers 14 days after the initial dose. Titers rose to maximum levels 4 wk post-vaccination. Mean titers for groups of vaccinated seronegative pups were maintained between 1:256 and 1:2,048 for the remainder of the 3 mo observation period. Geometric means of the serum CDV NAb titer of eight seronegative pups given a single vaccine dose at 8 wk of age did not differ significantly from those of eight pups that were given serial doses at 8, 12, and 16 wk of age, or from those of eight pups vaccinated once at 16 wk of age. Seven unvaccinated 8-wk-old raccoon pups used as controls remained seronegative throughout the trial. Seven out of eight 8-wk-old pups with maternal antibodies, vaccinated at 8, 12, and 16 wk of age, failed to develop a rise in their CDV NAb titers until at least 18 wk of age, 2 wk after the third vaccination. Titers in eight unvaccinated raccoons with maternal antibodies declined steadily to undetectable levels at 20 wk of age. A half-life of 10.55 days was calculated for maternally-derived CDV NAb in raccoon pups. Sixteen vaccinated raccoons were protected from clinical disease following experimental oronasal challenge with a virulent raccoon strain of CDV, 13 to 23 wk after vaccination. Serum CDV NAb titers at the time of challenge ranged from 1:12 to 1:384 and increased during the period of observation. Three of four unvaccinated seronegative raccoons used as controls failed to mount any detectable CDV NAb and were euthanatized after developing clinical signs of canine distemper 26, 29, and 30 days post-challenge (PC). Necropsies confirmed the diagnosis. The fourth control raccoon exhibited transient equivocal clinical signs, mounted a sluggish humoral response, but was clinically normal when euthanatized 42 days PC. In this raccoon, there was focal non-suppurative encephalitis with intranuclear inclusion bodies typical of CDV infection.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Humoral Response and Protection From Experimental Challenge Following Vaccination of Raccoon Pups With a Modified-Live Canine Distemper Virus Vaccine

Paré

Barker

Crawshaw

et al. 1999

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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“…Given the serious risk of infection -CDV had been confirmed in local domestic dogs and wild carnivores, and black-footed ferrets were known to be highly susceptible -wildlife managers considered the use of inactivated vaccines worthwhile if it provided even minimal protection Williams, Thorne, Appel et al, 1988). Research continues to develop a live CDV vaccine sufficiently safe and effective to be used in wild black-footed ferrets (Williams, Anderson et al, 1996). In the meantime, inactivated CDV vaccines are still administered to ferrets intended for release (Williams, Thorne, Kwiatkowski et al, 1992).…”

Section: Vaccination Of Threatened Hostsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Managing disease threats to wild mammals

Woodroffe

1999

Animal Conservation

225

122

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Infectious disease is an emerging threat that conservationists are ill-equipped to manage. The threat is greatest for small populations, which can be driven to extinction by virulent pathogens; these are usually generalist pathogens that 'spill over' from other host species, often domestic animals. Recent attempts at disease control have taken a variety of forms, some directed at threatened hosts themselves, and others involving reservoir hosts. Thus far, few such attempts have demonstrated clear benefits of intervention, often because they were 'crisis management' tactics allowing no comparison with untreated controls. Design of future strategies is hampered by a lack of basic information concerning the pathogens that represent serious threats, their epidemiology in multiple-host systems, and the vaccination or treatment protocols likely to be most effective under field conditions. In general, vaccination and treatment will be most valuable in tiny populations facing very high extinction risks. However, interventions that are poorly planned or under-funded have the potential to do more harm than good. In larger populations, or over larger areas, intensive management may be inappropriate, unsustainable, or simply impractical. In these circumstances, managing population size, structure or contact between host species could offer promising alternatives to intervention.

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“…The lesions observed were comparable to the lesions caused by CDV in domestic dogs and domestic ferrets. 5,12,14,18,[21][22][23]33,39,43,44 The lion morbillivirus may have originated from domestic dogs living on the periphery of the lion habitats. 16,37,42 Hyenas (Crocuta crocuta), African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus), jackals (Canis mesomelas), and bat-eared foxes (Otocyon megalotis) [1][2][3]17,25 have all been reported to be infected with CDV and may serve as transition hosts between the domestic dog and lion populations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ferret is highly susceptible to CDV and was deemed to have the greatest potential for an in vivo surrogate biologic assay for determining the pathogenesis of the lion morbilliviruses. 14,18,23,38,39,43,44 The second aim was to determine how the pathogenesis of the two different lion morbilliviruses compared with that of a classical strain of CDV, Green's ferret-adapted CDV, 22,23 and the third aim was to determine whether ferrets vaccinated with a modified-live mink distemper vaccine would be protected from the lion morbilliviruses. …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenesis of Two Strains of Lion (Panthera leo) Morbillivirus in Ferrets (Mustela putorius furo)

et al. 2001

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Abstract. Canine distemper virus (CDV) was previously considered to have a host range restricted to the canid family. In 1994, the virus was associated with sporadic outbreaks of distemper in captive felids. However, after severe mortality occurred in the Serengeti lions (Panthera leo), attention became focused on the pathogenesis of the virus and a concerted effort was made to identify the virus as CDV or a closely related feline morbillivirus. The present study was designed to explore the susceptibility of ferrets to challenge with two morbilliviruses isolated from lions and the protective effects of a modified-live mink distemper vaccine. Because mortality in ferrets infected with pathogenic CDV approaches 100%, the ferret was selected as a test animal. Two strains of lion morbillivirus were used as a challenge, A92-27/20 (California lion isolate) and A94-11/13 (Serengeti lion isolate). The two strains of lion morbillivirus were antigenically related to CDV (Rockborn strain), and ferrets were susceptible to both of the viruses when inoculated intraperitoneally. The inoculated ferrets were anorectic at 5-6 days postinoculation (PI), exhibited oculonasal discharge at 9-12 days PI, and became moribund at 12-22 days PI. Severe bilateral conjunctivitis was the typical clinical sign. Inclusion bodies characteristic of morbillivirus (eosinophilic, intranuclear, and intracytoplasmic) were distributed in many epithelial cells, including those of the skin, conjunctiva, gallbladder, liver, pancreas, stomach, trachea, lung, urinary bladder, and kidney. Virus was reisolated from selected lung tissues collected at necropsy and identified by CDV-specific immunofluorescence. Ferrets vaccinated with the mink distemper vaccine (Onderstepoort strain) were protected from challenge with the two lion strains, adding further support to the premise that the viruses are closely related to CDV.Key words: Canine distemper virus; ferrets; lions; morbillivirus; Mustela putorius furo; Panthera leo; pathogenesis; vaccination; virus biotype.The host range of canine distemper virus (CDV) has come under intense scrutiny over the past few years in part because of observations of antigenically related morbilliviruses associated with or causing disease in a variety of terrestrial and marine mammals. 4,9,11,12,20,30 Sources of confusion regarding the host range of CDV in felids have arisen from disparate reports of the lack of CDV disease in domestic cats and the occurrence of fatal CDV-like disease in captive and free-roaming large felids. 4,[8][9][10][26][27][28]31,34,37,45 The debate regarding CDV interspecies transmission (canid to felid) versus the existence of a unique feline morbillivirus strain antigenically related to CDV has not been fully resolved. 35 It has been postulated, based upon antigenic profiles, that the morbillivirus associated with the epizootic in freeroaming lions in the Serengeti National Park in Tanzania was a variant of CDV. 16,26,27,37 More recent studies reporting on the genetic similarity between the lion morbillivi...

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Vaccination of Black-Footed Ferret (Mustela Nigripes) × Siberian Polecat (M. Eversmanni) Hybrids and Domestic Ferrets (M. Putorius Furo) Against Canine Distemper

Cited by 41 publications

References 3 publications

Humoral Response and Protection From Experimental Challenge Following Vaccination of Raccoon Pups With a Modified-Live Canine Distemper Virus Vaccine

Humoral Response and Protection From Experimental Challenge Following Vaccination of Raccoon Pups With a Modified-Live Canine Distemper Virus Vaccine

Managing disease threats to wild mammals

Pathogenesis of Two Strains of Lion (Panthera leo) Morbillivirus in Ferrets (Mustela putorius furo)

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