Managing disease threats to wild mammals

Woodroffe, Rosie

doi:10.1111/j.1469-1795.1999.tb00064.x

Cited by 225 publications

(135 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Some of these are poorly designed, managed and maintained and are unable to provide the barest essentials necessary for the health and psychological well-being of the animals under their care. The most common shortcomings in captive facilities are: undersized and 'barren' cages and enclosures, unsuitable floor surfaces that can be injurious to the animals and also difficult to clean to maintain good hygiene, poor quality feed and nutrition, inadequate veterinary/health care and insufficient expertise in appropriate animal care and in some instances ignorance of legal provisions [2]. With defined minimum standards for management of wildlife in captivity in place, many of the challenges that face captive facilities will be addressed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of Preventive Health Measures for Wildlife in Captivity: A Review of Management Approaches

B¹

2017

IJAWB

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The foundation of a medical program for zoo animals is preventive medicine. Preventive medical programs should be adaptive and include attention to individual specimens as well as the herd, troop, or flock. Components of the program include quarantine of new arrivals, periodic fecal examinations and treatments for parasites, booster vaccinations, health screening procedures, nutrition evaluation, necropsy examination of deceased specimens, and a comprehensive pest control program. Animals should be evaluated to ensure their health complies with local, state, and federal health requirements before shipment to other zoos or before release in managed reintroduction programs. Preshipment evaluations can also be used as an opportunity to assess the overall health status of the group in which the animal has been living. The present review study is illustrating the importance of the preventive measure used for wildlife into the captivity and the management and tactics to achieve this.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of Preventive Health Measures for Wildlife in Captivity: A Review of Management Approaches

B¹

2017

IJAWB

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“…Canine distemper virus (CDV) is distributed worldwide and affects an expanding range of host species, including domestic and wild canids (1,2), marine mammals (3), felids (2,4,5), procyonids and ursids (6), and nonhuman primates (7)(8)(9). The propensity of CDV for host-switching has raised concerns about both potential risks for humans (10) and extinction threats to endangered wildlife (11)(12)(13).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of a morbillivirus at the domestic–wildlife interface: Canine distemper virus in domestic dogs and lions

Viana

Cleaveland

Matthiopoulos

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

134

135

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Morbilliviruses cause many diseases of medical and veterinary importance, and although some (e.g., measles and rinderpest) have been controlled successfully, others, such as canine distemper virus (CDV), are a growing concern. A propensity for host-switching has resulted in CDV emergence in new species, including endangered wildlife, posing challenges for controlling disease in multispecies communities. CDV is typically associated with domestic dogs, but little is known about its maintenance and transmission in speciesrich areas or about the potential role of domestic dog vaccination as a means of reducing disease threats to wildlife. We address these questions by analyzing a long-term serological dataset of CDV in lions and domestic dogs from Tanzania's Serengeti ecosystem. Using a Bayesian state-space model, we show that dynamics of CDV have changed considerably over the past three decades. Initially, peaks of CDV infection in dogs preceded those in lions, suggesting that spill-over from dogs was the main driver of infection in wildlife. However, despite dog-to-lion transmission dominating cross-species transmission models, infection peaks in lions became more frequent and asynchronous from those in dogs, suggesting that other wildlife species may play a role in a potentially complex maintenance community. Widespread mass vaccination of domestic dogs reduced the probability of infection in dogs and the size of outbreaks but did not prevent transmission to or peaks of infection in lions. This study demonstrates the complexity of CDV dynamics in natural ecosystems and the value of long-term, large-scale datasets for investigating transmission patterns and evaluating disease control strategies.cross-species transmission | multihost pathogens | reservoirs | state-space models | serology T he genus Morbillivirus includes highly contagious, and often fatal, RNA viruses that cause diseases of great public health, economic, and conservation concern, such as measles, rinderpest, and canine distemper. Canine distemper virus (CDV) is distributed worldwide and affects an expanding range of host species, including domestic and wild canids (1, 2), marine mammals (3), felids (2, 4, 5), procyonids and ursids (6), and nonhuman primates (7-9). The propensity of CDV for host-switching has raised concerns about both potential risks for humans (10) and extinction threats to endangered wildlife (11-13).Although previously thought to be nonpathogenic in cats, outbreaks among large captive felids in the 1990s drew attention to CDV as a potential conservation threat to felids (2). The beststudied example of CDV infection in free-ranging felids comes from Tanzania's Serengeti ecosystem (Fig. 1A), where a CDV epidemic in 1994 killed ∼30% of lions (Panthera leo) and affected several Significance Morbilliviruses are a growing concern because of their ability to infect multiple species. The spill-over of canine distemper virus (CDV) from domestic dogs has been associated with severe declines in wild carnivores worldwide, and therefore mass...

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“…Diseases of domestic animals threaten wildlife. For example, domestic dogs are carriers of canid diseases transmissible to wild carnivores (Butler et al 2004) and were partly responsible for extinction of the African wild dog Lycaon pictus and decimation of lions Panthera leo in areas of the Serengeti (see Woodroffe 1999). Additionally, livestock can transmit animal diseases (e.g.…”

Section: Living With Naturementioning

confidence: 99%

Supporting conservation with biodiversity research in sub-Saharan Africa’s human-modified landscapes

Trimble

Aarde

2014

Biodivers Conserv

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Protected areas cover 12% of terrestrial sub-Saharan Africa. However, given the inherent inadequacies of these protected areas to cater for all species in conjunction with the effects of climate change and human pressures on protected areas, the future of biodiversity depends heavily on the 88% of land that is unprotected. The study of biodiversity patterns and the processes that maintain them in human-modified landscapes can provide a valuable evidence base to support science-based policy-making that seeks to make land outside of protected areas as amenable as possible for biodiversity persistence. We discuss the literature on biodiversity in 2 sub-Saharan Africa"s human-modified landscapes as it relates to four broad ecosystem categorizations (i.e. rangelands, tropical forest, the Cape Floristic Region, and the urban and rural built environment) within which we expect similar patterns of biodiversity persistence in relation to specific human land uses and land management actions. Available research demonstrates the potential contribution of biodiversity conservation in human-modified landscapes within all four ecosystem types and goes some way towards providing general conclusions that could support policy-making. Nonetheless, conservation success in humanmodified landscapes is hampered by constraints requiring further scientific investment, e.g. deficiencies in the available research, uncertainties regarding implementation strategies, and difficulties of coexisting with biodiversity. However, information currently available can and should support efforts at individual, community, provincial, national, and international levels to support biodiversity conservation in human-modified landscapes.

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Managing disease threats to wild mammals

Cited by 225 publications

References 42 publications

Study of Preventive Health Measures for Wildlife in Captivity: A Review of Management Approaches

Study of Preventive Health Measures for Wildlife in Captivity: A Review of Management Approaches

Dynamics of a morbillivirus at the domestic–wildlife interface: Canine distemper virus in domestic dogs and lions

Supporting conservation with biodiversity research in sub-Saharan Africa’s human-modified landscapes

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