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Blue-Shifted Rogue Waves Generation in Normal Dispersion Fiber Laser

“…To occupy the minimum spectral space, the simultaneous red and blue shifting has shown that the interaction is local and the wave is a rogue wave. We believe that the present results are particularly useful by providing important clues for further theoretical and experimental investigations to gain control over the effective collision of solitons, explosion of solitons, rogue wave generation and energy concentration from large to small volume in the normal dispersion (defocussing) regime [25][26][27][28]. The present study may also provide an optical analogy for mimicking compound rogue waves in hydrodynamics.…”

“…However, in the presence of Raman scattering and/or noise, which are unavoidable in a dissipative fiber cavity as well as in pump sources, the stability of DSR disappears, and thus, further broadening of chirped rectangular pulses becomes impossible [16]. Therefore, the chirped rectangular pulses [13,16] become unstable, displaying a very interesting complex regime of localized interaction and decaying of solitons, which may be culminated into rogue waves [25]. A rogue wave is a universal phenomenon, and has its origin in hydrodynamics, however, it is observable in almost all media and provides a unique method of spatial energy concentration [17].…”

“…It is important to note that in order to produce rogue waves, selftransformation is necessary. The noise [16,25] in a normal dispersion mode-locked fiber laser may lead to unstable bound solitons, and this produces local interaction of solitons and self-frequency shift, and consequently self-transformation into a rogue wave, even at very low pump intensities [26][27][28]. Therefore, to produce Blue-shifted Rogue Waves Generation in Normal Dispersion Fiber Laser Muhammad Imran Afzal, Kamal Alameh, Senior Member, IEEE and Yong Tak Lee I rogue waves through the fusion of solitons or soliton molecules, particularly in the normal dispersion regime, it is important that the effective fusion of solitons should maintain the frequency spacing of the parent component solitons, however, only pulling of the frequency between colliding soliton molecules is allowed.…”

“…When these two conditions are fulfilled, then a small enhancement in noise strength causes a self-frequency shift [25], and consequently an effective fusion of soliton molecules occurs in every virtual group, thus producing rogue waves.…”

“…This made the broadened envelope unstable [16,25]. Consequently, all the soliton molecules in every group effectively fused together owing to dispersive wave of solitons.…”