The electronic structures, elastic properties, minimum thermal conductivity at high temperature, and optical properties of three monoclinics, namely, δ-V2O5, ζ-Nb2O5, and B-Ta2O5, are examined using the density-functional theory plane-wave method. Studies have indicated that bonds between the atoms of M2O5 (M = V, Nb, Ta) include covalent and ionic bonds. Good mechanical properties, high hardness, and high ductility tend to increase in the sequence of ζ-Nb2O5→B-Ta2O5→δ-V2O5. The elastic anisotropy of these three materials is significant. The three monoclinics have low minimum thermal conductivity at high temperature. The three-dimensional thermal conductivity diagram of the Clark model based on Young's modulus in each crystal orientation is anisotropic. In terms of optical properties, the static dielectric constants of δ-V2O5, ζ-Nb2O5, and B-Ta2O5 are 7.89, 4.78, and 4.01, respectively. δ-V2O5 exhibits better absorption of light with longer wavelengths; the absorption wavelength extends to 614 nm. In the infrared and visible spectral regions, the reflectivity and refractivity of δ-V2O5 are larger than those of ζ-Nb2O5 and B-Ta2O5. In the region with a wavelength of less than 394 nm, ζ-Nb2O5 and δ-V2O5 exhibit the maximum and minimum refractivity, respectively. Moreover, the loss function of M2O5 in the visible light region is extremely low; a maximum value is found between 6.00 and 17.00 eV.