The number of known lichen species is about 18.000. Some of their metabolic products appear only in lichens, while others are also present in higher plants and fungi. Their secondary metabolites play a dominant role in their system [1,2]. Lichens have long been used for commercial purposes such as alcohol production and in the perfume, dye, and drug industries, and as food [3,4]. About 60 lichen species are present in different types of antimicrobial, anticancer, antiallergen, immunogical, and expectoral drugs [5][6][7][8][9]. Previous reports on many lichen species have been used to measure air pollution by detecting SO 2 and heavy and radioactive metals. The role of photoactive lichen substances in photosynthesis has been examined in environmental pollution [10,11]. Many scientists have been studying the carbohydrate composition of lichens. β-D-Glucans, which are linked to polyols, are also important in medicine because of their antitumor activities [5,12]. Many microbiological activity studies of some lichens explain the activities on gram (+) and gram (-) bacteria and fungi [13][14][15]. Two studies on Turkish lichens explain the isolation and structural determination of some natural products and their fluorescence emission properties, and some of them describe the volatile compounds of some lichens [16,17]. In the present study, the chemical composition of apolar phases of the above lichens was reported by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) combined system, and the results were examined in terms of EFAs and their importance for a healthy diet. In addition to this, volatile compounds were detected for the first time from E. prunastri and L. vulpina.The nineteen known apolar compounds of P. furfuracea, E. prunastri, and L. vulpina are given in Table 1. Besides these, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-3,6-dimethylbenzoic acid was isolated for the first time from P. furfuracea. In Table 1, the given compounds are known except cis-4b, 5,9,10-tetrahydro-8-methoxy-5-methylindenol [1,2-b] indole from E. prunastri. This compound was detected for the first time from this lichen species. Detected compounds and their percentages for L. vulpina are given in Table 1. The compound 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid bis (2-ethylhexyl) ester [bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate] was found for the first time from this material. The GC-MS results showed that the linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA) percentages were much higher than for other compounds in these studied lichen species. The percentages of them are also much greater than for higher plants.It is known that some kinds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) cannot be synthesized by mammalian cells, and therefore they have to be provided by diet [18]. The intakes of EFAs (LA and ALA) must balance each other. The desirable intake quantities of these two chemicals have been reported as 10.04 and 1.55 grams a day in terms of LA and ALA amounts. The recommended required daily minimum intake ratio of LA to ALA leading to a substantial health change is about 6:1 [18]. The mediterr...