Utilizing wild foraging ecology information to provide captive primates with an appropriate diet

Crissey, Susan D.; Pribyl, L.

doi:10.1079/pns19970112

Cited by 27 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Wendeln et al [2000] suggested that howlers masticate fig seeds and thus might obtain additional nutriments from seeds; however, observations by Serio-Silva et al [2002] confirmed that the great majority of seeds are defecated. In contrast, the seed fraction may contain digestible nutrients including fig wasps and other invertebrates [Bravo & Zunino, 1998;Chivers, 1998;Crissey & Pribyl, 1997;Milton, 1980]. No attempt has been made, however, to quantify the nutritional contribution of this animal matter.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Traditional nutritional analyses of figs overestimates intake of most nutrient fractions: a study of Ficus perforata consumed by howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata mexicana)

Urquiza-Haas

Serio-Silva

Salazar

2008

American J Primatol

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There continue to remain uncertainty concerning the nutritional importance of figs (Ficus spp.) in the primate diet. Although studies have been performed on the nutritional analysis of fig pulp and seed fractions separately, there has not been an attempt to quantify the contribution of animal matter within figs. Here we report nutritional values of figs (Ficus perforata) (Urostigma) consumed by a troop of howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata mexicana). Separate nutritional assays were performed on the pulp, seed, and animal fraction. Whole-fig analyses significantly exaggerate the concentrations of all nutrients (lipids especially) as seeds, which represent a large proportion of the fig (45%), cannot be digested. Animal matter only represents 1% of the fig, and augments fig protein and lipid content by 0.44 and 0.30%, respectively. This represents the 11 and 9% of the fraction available for digestion. Differences in fig consumption were observed between age and sex classes (P=0.04) and periods of the day (P=0.001); females consumed more figs than males and the highest consumption of figs was observed in the afternoon. F. perforata figs may be an important component of the howler monkeys diet owing to their high content of water and calcium.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Traditional nutritional analyses of figs overestimates intake of most nutrient fractions: a study of Ficus perforata consumed by howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata mexicana)

Urquiza-Haas

Serio-Silva

Salazar

2008

American J Primatol

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“…Even when budgets are relatively detailed there can still be large errors in the consequent estimates of daily energy expenditure (Weathers et al 1984;Buttemer et al 1986;Nagy, 1989). Crissey et al (1997) have detailed some of the problems which are associated with quantification of food intake in primates. In small mammals these same problems apply, but are generally compounded by the problem of watching the animals in darkness.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors influencing the daily energy expenditure of small mammals

Speakman

1997

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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All living processes utilize energy. Animals cannot perform essential behaviours, grow or reproduce without using energy. Moreover, even when animals are quiescent they still use energy to sustain homeostasis (e.g. maintaining ion gradients) and perform repair (e.g. DNA repair and protein synthesis). Two key factors have been recognized to inflict heavy demands for energy on animals. First, endothermy imposes enormous requirements when compared with exothermy (Nagy, 1987). The small endothermic bird phainopepla (Phainopepla nirens), for example, uses energy at about 40-fold the rate of an exothermic lizard of equivalent body mass (Weathers & Nagy, 1980). The second dominant factor is body size. Larger animals use more energy (Kleiber, 1932(Kleiber, , 1961Brody, 1945;Nagy, 1987. However, the disadvantageous surface: volume ratio of small animals means they expend energy at much greater rates relative to their body size. In consequence, it is not exceptional for a small mammal to ingest half its own body mass in food every day. Some small mammals must eat more than their own weight daily (for example, see Hawkins & Jewell, 1962;Hanski, 1985). For small endothermic animals, therefore, it is widely accepted that the demand for energy may place proximate and ultimate constraints on many aspects of their behaviour and life history (McNab, 1980;Henneman, 1983; Loudon & Racey, 1987; Tomasi & Horton, 1992). Because of this perceived importance, it is of interest to quantify the factors which influence the requirements for energy in free-living small animals.In the present paper I will review the factors which influence the daily energy expenditure (and thus energy requirements) of small mammals as they go about their routine activities. Extant mammals range in body mass over about eight orders of magnitude, from the Etruscan shrew (Suncus etruscus) weighing 1.5-2.5 g to blue whales (Baluenopteru musculus) weighing up to 160 000 000 g (Rice, 1967). Any definition of 'small', therefore, is bound to be relatively arbitrary. I have selected as a cut-off a maximum size for inclusion of 2000g. This size limit includes the lowest three orders of magnitude from the entire body mass range.Factors which influence energy requirements may be subdivided into two different types: intrinsic factors and extrinsic factors. Intrinsic factors include the body mass of animals, their phylogeny, physiological traits such as their ability to reduce body temperature by falling torpid and whether they are reproducing or not, and finally behavioural traits such as their diet choice and locomotory behaviour. Extrinsic factors include aspects of the environment (e.g. temperature, humidity, rainfall, latitude and altitude), and social factors such as whether the animals engage in social thermoregulation by huddling (for example, see Karasov, 1983).Some of these factors would be clearly expected to impose elevated demands on animals. Reduced ambient temperature, for example, might be anticipated to increase the energy expended by animals sustaining ...

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“…Colobus spp. are mainly leaf eaters [Baranga, 1983;Crissey and Pribyl, 1997;Usongo and Amubode, 2001], but show a certain degree of fruit consumption [Davies et al, 1999;Fashing, 2001]. Papio sp.…”

Section: Extant Primatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dental Microwear Variability on Buccal Tooth Enamel Surfaces of Extant Catarrhini and the Miocene Fossil Dryopithecus laietanus (Hominoidea)

Galbany

Moyà‐Solà²,

Pérez‐Pérez³

2006

IJFP

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Analyses of buccal tooth microwear have been used to trace dietary habits of modern hunter-gatherer populations. In these populations, the average den-sity and length of striations on the buccal surfaces of teeth are significantly cor-related with the abrasive potential of food items consumed. In non-human pri-mates, tooth microwear patterns on both occlusal and buccal wear facets have been thoroughly studied and the results applied to the characterization of dietary habits of fossil species. In this paper, we present inter- and intra-specific buccal microwear variability analyses in extant Cercopithecoidea (Cercopithecus mitis, C. neglectus, Chlorocebus aethiops, Colobus spp., Papio anubis) and Hominoidea (Gorilla gorilla, Pan troglodytes, Pongo pygmaeus). The results are tentatively compared to buccal microwear patterns of the Miocene fossils Dryopithecus and Oreopithecus. Significant differences in striation density and length are found among the fossil taxa studied and the extant primates, sug-gesting that buccal microwear can be used to identify dietary differences among taxa. The Dryopithecus buccal microwear pattern most closely resembles that of abrasive, tough plant foods consumers, such as the gorilla, in contrast to stud-ies of dental morphology that suggest a softer, frugivorous diet. Results for Ore-opithecus were equivocal, but suggest a more abrasive diet than that previously thought.

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Utilizing wild foraging ecology information to provide captive primates with an appropriate diet

Cited by 27 publications

References 36 publications

Traditional nutritional analyses of figs overestimates intake of most nutrient fractions: a study of Ficus perforata consumed by howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata mexicana)

Traditional nutritional analyses of figs overestimates intake of most nutrient fractions: a study of Ficus perforata consumed by howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata mexicana)

Factors influencing the daily energy expenditure of small mammals

Dental Microwear Variability on Buccal Tooth Enamel Surfaces of Extant Catarrhini and the Miocene Fossil Dryopithecus laietanus (Hominoidea)

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