Utilization of the Comprehensive Trail Making Test as a Measure of Executive Functioning in Children and Adolescents with Traumatic Brain Injuries

Johnson, Wendi L.; Maricle, Denise E.; Miller, Daniel C.; Allen, Daniel N.; Mayfield, Joan W.

doi:10.1093/arclin/acq049

Cited by 15 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The procedure provides a contrast between the condition involving switching between numeric and alphabetic sequences that emphasizes executive function and the simpler conditions restricted to alphabetic sequencing or numeric sequencing without switching. Trail making tests have been shown to be sensitive to TBI in children (Bauman Johnson et al, 2010;Sroufe et al, 2010). The D-KEFS TM was selected as a supplementary test because it has been standardized on 1750 typically developing children ‡ 8 years of age, allowing comparison with D-KEFS Verbal Fluency and providing age-based percentile scores.…”

Section: Attention and Processing Speedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recommendations for the Use of Common Outcome Measures in Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury Research

McCauley

Wilde

Anderson

et al. 2012

Journal of Neurotrauma

281

207

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This article addresses the need for age-relevant outcome measures for traumatic brain injury (TBI) research and summarizes the recommendations by the inter-agency Pediatric TBI Outcomes Workgroup. The Pediatric Workgroup's recommendations address primary clinical research objectives including characterizing course of recovery from TBI, prediction of later outcome, measurement of treatment effects, and comparison of outcomes across studies. Consistent with other Common Data Elements (CDE) Workgroups, the Pediatric TBI Outcomes Workgroup adopted the standard three-tier system in its selection of measures. In the first tier, core measures included valid, robust, and widely applicable outcome measures with proven utility in pediatric TBI from each identified domain including academics, adaptive and daily living skills, family and environment, global outcome, health-related quality of life, infant and toddler measures, language and communication, neuropsychological impairment, physical functioning, psychiatric and psychological functioning, recovery of consciousness, social role participation and social competence, social cognition, and TBI-related symptoms. In the second tier, supplemental measures were recommended for consideration in TBI research focusing on specific topics or populations. In the third tier, emerging measures included important instruments currently under development, in the process of validation, or nearing the point of published findings that have significant potential to be superior to measures in the core and supplemental lists and may eventually replace them as evidence for their utility emerges.

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Section: Attention and Processing Speedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recommendations for the Use of Common Outcome Measures in Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury Research

McCauley

Wilde

Anderson

et al. 2012

Journal of Neurotrauma

281

207

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Expanded TMT uses clock faces of different times and black dots of different diameter to systemically varying the stimuli with in the TMT format [30]. Comprehensive TMT with 5 trails was developed to discriminate and detect the normal population from the patient with cognitive difficulty that it is more complex than original TMT [31][32][33][34][35][36]. The Color Trails Test (CTT) was developed as a culturally fair analogue of the TMT that does not use any letters except Arabic numbers [37].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparison of Three types of Trail Making Test in the Korean Elderly: Higher Completion Rate of Trail Making Test-Black and White for Mild Cognitive Impairment

Kim¹,

Jang²,

Baek³

et al. 2016

J Alzheimers Dis Parkinsonism

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Objective: A Korean version of Trail Making Test (TMT) led to reduced clinical use in Korea because of lower completion rate. The current study examines multiple TMT versions in effort to identify which type might accurately detect cognitive decline with higher completion rate.Methods: Three versions of TMT including the original TMT, TMT-Korean Letter (TMT-K), and TMT-Black and White (TMT-B&W) were utilized. A total of 62 participants were included, comprised of 30 cognitively normal controls (NC) and 32 mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Three TMT versions were administered to subjects with other neuropsychological tests.Results: TMT-B&W completion time as well as that of Original TMT and TMT-K was successful in distinguishing MCI from NC adjusted for age, sex and educational level. TMT-B&W also showed a high correlation with other neuropsychological tests that represent frontal executive function. Regarding completion rate in MCI patients, Original TMT and TMT-K were not successfully completed (62% and 60.6%, respectively) compared with TMT-B&W (90.1%). Conclusion:As TMT-B&W showed higher completion rate than others and revealed significant correlation with frontal executive function, this culture-fair measure can vitalize TMT task with increased applicability in Korean elderly adults who are unfamiliar with the sequence of English or Korean alphabet.

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“…Deficits in working memory and new learning have been shown in children after TBI 63 and in rodents. 64 Our data indicate that TBI at P5-7 causes significant cognitive deficits at P22-26 in the rabbit, suggesting that pediatric TBI impaired cognitive function.…”

Section: Comparison With Other Models and Translational Relevancementioning

confidence: 99%

A New Rabbit Model of Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury

Zhi

Saraswati

Koehler

et al. 2015

Journal of Neurotrauma

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common cause of disability in childhood, resulting in numerous physical, behavioral, and cognitive sequelae, which can influence development through the lifespan. The mechanisms by which TBI influences normal development and maturation remain largely unknown. Pediatric rodent models of TBI often do not demonstrate the spectrum of motor and cognitive deficits seen in patients. To address this problem, we developed a New Zealand white rabbit model of pediatric TBI that better mimics the neurological injury seen after TBI in children. On postnatal Day 5-7 (P5-7), rabbits were injured by a controlled cortical impact (6-mm impactor tip; 5.5 m/sec, 2-mm depth, 50-msec duration). Rabbits from the same litter served as naïve (no injury) and sham (craniotomy alone) controls. Functional abilities and activity levels were measured 1 and 5 d after injury. Maturation level was monitored daily. We performed cognitive tests during P14-24 and sacrificed the animals at 1, 3, 7, and 21 d after injury to evaluate lesion volume and microglia. TBI kits exhibited delayed achievement of normal developmental milestones. They also demonstrated significant cognitive deficits, with lower percentage of correct alternation rate in the T-maze (n = 9-15/group; p < 0.001) and less discrimination between novel and old objects ( p < 0.001). Lesion volume increased from 16% at Day 3 to 30% at Day 7 after injury, indicating ongoing secondary injury. Activated microglia were noted at the injury site and also in white matter regions of the ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres. The neurologic and histologic changes in this model are comparable to those reported clinically. Thus, this rabbit model provides a novel platform for evaluating neuroprotective therapies in pediatric TBI.

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Utilization of the Comprehensive Trail Making Test as a Measure of Executive Functioning in Children and Adolescents with Traumatic Brain Injuries

Cited by 15 publications

References 18 publications

Recommendations for the Use of Common Outcome Measures in Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury Research

Recommendations for the Use of Common Outcome Measures in Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury Research

A Comparison of Three types of Trail Making Test in the Korean Elderly: Higher Completion Rate of Trail Making Test-Black and White for Mild Cognitive Impairment

A New Rabbit Model of Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury

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