Utilization of Steel Slag in Road Semi-Rigid Base: A Review

Li, Haibin; Cui, Canyang; Cai, Jianfei; Zhang, Mingming; Sheng, Yanping

doi:10.3390/coatings12070994

Cited by 11 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 66 publications

(85 reference statements)

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“…When steel slag aggregate is used in road subgrade, steel slag is mostly used as an aggregate into the mix, and the performance of the mix is studied accordingly. Li et al [ 21 ] evaluated the feasibility of steel slag used in road subgrade, and analyzed the interaction between different stabilizing materials and steel slag as well as the relationship between stabilizing material dosage and performance. Wang et al [ 22 ] used the discrete element method to simulate the damage process of cement-stabilized steel slag subgrade, and the results showed that the energy inside the structure was absorbed and dissipated continuously, and the micro-cracks went through the four stages of emergence, expansion, convergence, and penetration, and finally the structure was completely destroyed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing the Utilization of Steel Slag in Cement-Stabilized Base Layers: Insights from Freeze–Thaw and Fatigue Testing

Song,

Chen,

Chen

2024

Materials

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This paper presents a study on the mechanical properties of cement-stabilized steel-slag-based materials under freeze–thaw cycles for a highway project in Xinjiang. Using 3D scanning technology the specimen model conforming to the real steel slag shape was established. The objectives of the study are as follows: to explore the sensitivity between the macro- and micro-parameters of the specimen and to establish a non-linear regression equation; and to study the changes in mechanical properties of materials under freeze–thaw cycles, fatigue loading, and coupled freeze–thaw cycle–fatigue loading. The results show that there are three stages of compression damage of the specimen, namely, linear elasticity, peak plasticity, and post-peak decline. Maximum contact forces between cracks and particles occur mainly in the shear zone region within the specimen. The compression damage of the specimen is a mixed tensile–shear damage dominated by shear damage. When freeze–thaw cycles or fatigue loads are applied alone, the flexural strength and fatigue life of the specimens show a linear relationship of decline. The decrease in flexural modulus at low stress is divided into the following: a period of rapid decline, a relatively smooth period, and a period of fracture, with a tendency to change towards linear decay with increasing stress. In the case of freeze–thaw–fatigue coupling, the flexural modulus of the specimen decreases drastically by about 50% in the first 2 years, and then enters a period of steady decrease in flexural modulus in the 3rd–5th years.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing the Utilization of Steel Slag in Cement-Stabilized Base Layers: Insights from Freeze–Thaw and Fatigue Testing

Song,

Chen,

Chen

2024

Materials

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“…Steel slag is a type of industrial solid waste generated by steel-making plants during steelmaking, whose mineralogical composition is comparable to that of cement clinkers, mainly comprising calcium silicate, calcium ferrite, a multi-element solid solution of FeO, MgO, and other divalent metal oxides (RO-phase), free lime ( f -CaO), and periclase ( f -MgO) [ 1 , 2 ]. Although steel slag exhibits some hydration, its current usage in the cement and concrete industry is limited as a mineral admixture or alternative aggregate [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ]. It is commonly believed that the delayed hydration of f -CaO in steel slag is the primary reason for its poor volume stability [ 7 , 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Magnesian-Expansive Components in Steel Slag on the Volume Stability of Cement-Based Materials

Long

Zhao

Gong³

et al. 2023

Materials

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Millimeter-scale magnesian refractory granules were found to be a unique magnesian-expansive component in steel slag. To systematically study the effects of these granular magnesian-expansive components on the volume stability of cement-based materials containing steel slag, an investigation of their existing forms and influence on the volume stability was conducted in this paper. The various-sizing waste–magnesium–chromate-based refractory brick (Mg-Cr brick) granules and different (FeO + MnO)/MgO ratios’ synthetic MgO·xFeO·yMnO ternary solid solutions granules were adopted to simulate magnesian-expansive granules by partially replacing manufactured sand in mortar. The 100 °C–3 h boiling and 213 °C–2 MPa–3 h autoclaving treatments were adopted as volume stability testing methods. The results indicated that whether Mg-Cr brick or MgO·xFeO·yMnO solid solution, the concentration of expansive stress and the anisotropy expansion came with the granular size rising weakening the volume stability of cement-based materials which contained magnesian-expansive granules, significantly. Meanwhile, this phenomenon resulted in the ineffectiveness of the single linear expansion rate when assessing the qualification of volume stability. Furthermore, it also changed the mortars’ failure mode from “muddy damage” to “break into blocks”. Especially, there is no volume stability issue when the MgO·xFeO·yMnO satisfied (FeO + MnO)/MgO ≥ 1.00. Considering the significant effect of the granular magnesian-expansive components on the volume stability of cement-based materials containing steel slag, it is imperative to enhance the detection of both MgO content and mineral existing forms in steel slag in practical applications. For recommendation, the threshold value of conducting autoclaved volume stability testing on steel slag should be set at MgO ≥ 3%. Furthermore, the qualification cannot be judged by the single linear expansion rate; the specimens’ appearance integrity and strength loss should also be noted.

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“…However, this rapid expansion has a serious implication since constructing roads consumes many crushed or virgin aggregates, especially for the development of base layers for roads [ 1 ]. A cement-treated base is an example of a stabilized base layer [ 2 ]. It consists of compacted mixtures of granular materials, Portland cement, and water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical Performance of Fly Ash Based Geopolymer (FAG) as Road Base Stabilizer

et al. 2022

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This study examines the strength development of fly ash-based geopolymer (FAG) as a stabilizer for road base material for pavement construction. In the last decade, there has been a rapid development of conventionally treated bases, such as cement-treated bases. However, a major problem with this kind of application is the shrinkage cracking in cement-treated bases that may result in the reflection cracks on the asphalt pavement surface. This study explores the effects of FAG on base layer properties using mechanistic laboratory evaluation and its practicability in pavement base layers. The investigated properties are flexural strength (FS), unconfined compressive strength (UCS), shrinkage, and resilient modulus (RM), as well as indirect tensile strength (ITS). The findings showed that the mechanical properties of the mixture enhanced when FAG was added to 80–85% of crushed aggregate, with the UCS being shown to be a crucial quality parameter. The effectiveness of FAG base material can have an impact on the flexible pavements’ overall performance since the base course stiffness directly depends on the base material properties. As a stabilizing agent for flexible pavement applications, the FAG-stabilized base appeared promising, predicated on test outcomes.

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Utilization of Steel Slag in Road Semi-Rigid Base: A Review

Cited by 11 publications

References 66 publications

Optimizing the Utilization of Steel Slag in Cement-Stabilized Base Layers: Insights from Freeze–Thaw and Fatigue Testing

Optimizing the Utilization of Steel Slag in Cement-Stabilized Base Layers: Insights from Freeze–Thaw and Fatigue Testing

Effect of Magnesian-Expansive Components in Steel Slag on the Volume Stability of Cement-Based Materials

Mechanical Performance of Fly Ash Based Geopolymer (FAG) as Road Base Stabilizer

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