Utilization of pesticides in smallholder horticulture production pinpoint the need for cropping system changes in Burundi

Bacillus-based biocontrol beyond chemical control in central Africa: the challenge of turning myth into reality

“…Chronic effects of pesticide exposure, including cancer, infertility, and neurological problems ( Mahmood et al., 2016 ), may be a reality in the region or may occur in the near future, although no official survey has been conducted to date. Several reasons may explain this chaotic situation in the region such as poverty, ignorance, and illiteracy among users ( Niyongere et al., 2015 ; Muliele et al., 2018 ; Ndayambaje et al., 2019 ; Balasha et al., 2023 ), inadequate governance in the pesticide sector, and possible socio-economic influence of agrochemical companies on officials ( Gaberell and Viret, 2022 ).…”

“…For example, up to 52%, 43% and 38% of children under five in Burundi, DRC and Rwanda respectively are malnourished ( Lokuruka, 2020 ; WFP, 2021 ; FAO, 2023 ). In the GLCCA, plant diseases and pests are generally controlled by chemical pesticides, especially those affecting cash crops such as coffee, cotton, tomatoes, potatoes, vegetables, and fruits ( Niyongere et al., 2015 ; Muliele et al., 2018 ; Okonya et al., 2019a ). However, some phytopathogens are inefficiently managed by traditional practices, such as the use of plant extracts, while others are not controlled ( Rutikanga, 2015 ; MINAGRI-Burundi, 2018 ; Korangi Alleluya et al., 2021 ).…”