Utilization of Organic Acids for the Glutamic Acid Production by Micrococcus Glutamicus

Kimura, Kazuo

doi:10.2323/jgam.10.23

Cited by 5 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 9 publications

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“…In an early study, Kimura (26) reported that C. glutamicum cannot grow on citrate unless the medium is supplemented with corn steep liquor. Later, Birnbaum and Demain (3) presented evidence that the function of corn steep liquor is to supply energy for the induction of a citrate transport system.…”

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Citrate Utilization byCorynebacterium glutamicumIs Controlled by the CitAB Two-Component System through Positive Regulation of the Citrate Transport GenescitHandtctCBA

et al. 2009

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In this work, the molecular basis of aerobic citrate utilization by the gram-positive bacterium Corynebacterium glutamicum was studied. Genome analysis revealed the presence of two putative citrate transport systems. . We could subsequently show that, with 50 mM citrate as the sole carbon and energy source, the C. glutamicum wild type grew best when the minimal medium was supplemented with CaCl 2 but that MgCl 2 and SrCl 2 also supported growth. Each of the two transporters alone was sufficient for growth on citrate. The expression of citH and tctCBA was activated by citrate in the growth medium, independent of the presence or absence of glucose. This activation was dependent on the two-component signal transduction system CitAB, composed of the sensor kinase CitA and the response regulator CitB. CitAB belongs to the CitAB/DcuSR family of two-component systems, whose members control the expression of genes that are involved in the transport and catabolism of tricarboxylates or dicarboxylates. C. glutamicum CitAB is the first member of this family studied in Actinobacteria.Citrate is a ubiquitous natural compound which can be utilized as a carbon and energy source by many bacterial species. The anaerobic catabolism of citrate, which occurs, e.g., in enterobacteria like Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli (7) and in lactic acid bacteria (14), usually involves the key enzyme citrate lyase (EC 4.1.3.6), which catalyzes the cleavage of citrate into acetate (the end product) and oxaloacetate (8,47,48). The subsequent catabolism of oxaloacetate can occur via different pathways, leading to, e.g., acetate and succinate as end products. Aerobic citrate utilization by bacteria possessing a complete tricarboxylic acid cycle usually requires only a citrate uptake system. Presently, at least five families of citrate transporters in bacteria have been characterized according to the classification system introduced by Saier (44) represented by TctABC of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (63). Whereas the transporters of the former four families consist of a single protein, the TctABC system is composed of three different subunits: two integral membrane proteins with presumably 12 (TctA) and 4 (TctB) transmembrane helices, plus a periplasmic citrate binding protein (TctC).For most citrate transporter genes studied so far with respect to regulation, expression is induced in the presence of the substrate. In many bacteria, the transcription of genes for citrate uptake and catabolism is activated by two-component signal transduction systems (TCS) consisting of a membranebound histidine kinase which controls the phosphorylation status of a soluble response regulator and thereby its activity as a transcriptional regulator. Examples are the CitA-CitB TCS of K. pneumoniae and E. coli (9, 34) and the CitS-CitT TCS of B. subtilis (64), which belong to the CitAB/DcuSR family of TCS (23). The periplasmic domains of the CitA histidine kinases from K. pneumoniae and E. coli were shown to bind citrate with high specificities and ...

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Citrate Utilization byCorynebacterium glutamicumIs Controlled by the CitAB Two-Component System through Positive Regulation of the Citrate Transport GenescitHandtctCBA

et al. 2009

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Microbial production of D‐mannitol and D‐fructose from glycerol

Ōnishi

Suzuki

1970

Biotech & Bioengineering

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S -YI n view of the recent development that some petrochemical products are efficiently available as substrates for the fermentation industry, glycerol manufactured from propylene by chemical synthesis would also be hoped for the purpose. This paper describes some of the factors influencing mannitol production from glycerol by Torulopsis yeasts and a microbial conversion of glycerol to Dfructose via mannitol, in which two sequential steps of yeast and Acetobacter fermentation are involved. Torulopsis mannitojaciens CBS 5981 and Torulopsis wersutilis CBS 1752, exceptionally good mannitol producers, were selected for the study. High concentrations of nitrogen sources and KH2POd in the medium markedly decreased mannitol yield in spite of good utilization of the substrate. T . mannitojuciens produced mannitol in yield of 31% of the glycerol consumed a t optimal condition. The fermentation by washed yeast cells gave much higher mannitol yield of more than 507G. A sequential fermentation process was carried out without isolation and purification of the intermediate and yielded 51.7% &fructose from the glycerol.

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Acid‐Base equilibrium in aerobic fermentations: Influence of unutilizable acids and bases on the acetic acid concentration in culture liquid

Ikeda

Ishizaki

Hirose

1973

Biotech & Bioengineering

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SummaryAn investigation was made on the factors influencing the acetic acid concentration in the culture liquid of the aerobic fermentations where acetic acid was used as a carbon source. The acetic acid concentration in the culture liquid changed in proportion to the amount of unutilizable acid or base supplied. This was explained by the principle of conservation of electroneutrality.Another factor affecting the acetic acid concentration in the culture liquid was bicarbonate ions which were formed by the dissolution and dissociation of carbon dioxide in the gas phase of the fermentor. The increment in bicarbonate ion concentration was equal to the decrement in the acetic acid concentration in the culture liquid.

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Utilization of Organic Acids for the Glutamic Acid Production by Micrococcus Glutamicus

Cited by 5 publications

References 9 publications

Citrate Utilization byCorynebacterium glutamicumIs Controlled by the CitAB Two-Component System through Positive Regulation of the Citrate Transport GenescitHandtctCBA

Citrate Utilization byCorynebacterium glutamicumIs Controlled by the CitAB Two-Component System through Positive Regulation of the Citrate Transport GenescitHandtctCBA

Microbial production of D‐mannitol and D‐fructose from glycerol

Acid‐Base equilibrium in aerobic fermentations: Influence of unutilizable acids and bases on the acetic acid concentration in culture liquid

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