Utilization of Modified Red Mud as a Heterogeneous Base Catalyst for Transesterification of Canola Oil

Study on Deactivation and Regeneration of Modified Red Mud Catalyst Used in Biodiesel Production

“…The fresh catalyst was prepared according to the method described in the previous work [10]. It was prepared by modification of red mud through soda lime calcination at 700˚C for 2 h. The fresh catalyst was then labelled as FC.…”

“…The catalytic activity of the fresh, deactivated, and regenerated catalysts were performed by transesterification of canola oil with methanol to produce reactions were carried out in a 100 mL one-necked round-bottomed flask with a reflux condenser using optimum reaction conditions as obtained from the previous work [10]. The optimum reaction conditions were 12:1 of methanol/oil molar ratio, 4 wt% of catalyst amount, 60˚C of reaction temperature, and 2 h of reaction time.…”

“…In the previous work [10], we have applied red mud, a waste material from alumina industry, as a solid catalyst for biodiesel production. The red mud was modified using soda-lime calcination and successfully produce biodiesel that showed high fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) content, the compounds of biodiesel, from transesterication of canola oil.…”

Sustainable biodiesel generation through catalytic transesterification of waste sources: a literature review and bibliometric survey

“…According to the title search of the WOS database, using "lime", "mud", and "transesterication" words, there were only ve papers detected from 1970 to 2020. 325,[327][328][329][330] Hui et al 327 conducted the transesterication of edible peanut oil via KF supported on lime mud catalyst. They obtained 99.09% oil conversion at 64 C, with a methanol to oil ratio of 12 : 1 and 5 wt% of catalyst.…”

Environmentally benign solid catalysts for sustainable biodiesel production: A critical review

“…Besides simple calcination, sodalime calcination and loading various chemical and biological compounds to red mud would improve its catalytic activity as reported in the literature. Wahyudi et al (2017) reported that by synthesizing the catalyst through the soda-lime calcination process, 99% biodiesel yield could be achieved. Research by Zhang et al (2016) proved that adding potassium fluoride (KF) to red mud will also improve its catalytic activity.…”