Utilization of mangrove plants as a source of Malaria medicine in North Maluku Province, Indonesia

Abstract

Abstract. Tamalene MN, Sen UK, Bhakat RK, Vianti E, Bahtiar, Suparman. 2021. Utilization of mangrove plant species as medicine against malaria in North Maluku Province, Indonesia. Asian J Ethnobiol 4: 86-92. Local communities have still used plants as a source of medicine since immemorial time. Most local communities mix the plants to treat various diseases, including malaria. Almost half of 250 million of Indonesia’s population lives in malaria-endemic areas, and about 15 million people look for clinical malaria treatment every year. This research aims to survey mangrove plants as a source of Malaria medicine utilized by six ethnic groups of North Maluku Province, Indonesia. Data were collected from 98 informants on the local names of the used species, the parts, and the "modes of preparation.” The Fidelity Level serves to find out various outcomes. Six mangrove plant species, Lumnitzera littorea, Rhizophora mucronata, Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea, Sonneratia alba, Xylocarpus granatum, and Xylocarpus moluccensis, are used as malaria medicine. The traditional treatment that used mangrove rinds, barks, fruits, and flowers was a popular method practiced in the community social life. The mangrove plants have cultural, ecological, and economic values; Authors suggest that further investigations be undertaken on the pharmacological properties and level of toxicity of potion made using mangrove plant species. This will lead to stating scientific information related to the safety of consuming traditional medicines.

People and Mangroves: Biocultural Utilization of Mangrove Forest Ecosystem in Southeast Asia

“…Ecotourism is also an important livelihood source for many communities particularly in Indonesia (Purwowibowo et al, 2020;Putri et al, 2014;Singgalen, 2020), Thailand (Vorasiha, 2018), and Malaysia (Hattam et al, 2021). Other uncommon yet, important utilization of mangroves includes their medicinal use for various diseases (Feurer et al, 2018;Mojiol et al, 2016;Oratai Neamsuvan, 2012;Tamalene et al, 2021), and as a source of sh poison and shing material (Alimbon & Manseguiao, 2021;Ono & Suzuki, 2013).…”

“…As de ned by Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, the diverse direct and indirect societal bene ts provided by mangroves or any other ecosystem may be broadly categorized into four: 1. provisioning (food, fuel, freshwater, and products obtained from ecosystems), 2. regulating (climate and water regulation, and other bene ts obtained from the regulation of ecosystem processes), 3. supporting (necessary for the production of all other ecosystem services), and 4. cultural services (non-material and intangible bene ts such cultural diversity, and spiritual and religious values) (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Secretariat, 2005). Nevertheless, several researches have focused on provisioning services provided by mangroves and their contribution to local livelihoods and food security (Aye et al, 2019;Gnansounou et al, 2021;Mallick et al, 2021;Seary et al, 2020;zu Ermgassen et al, 2021), health and well-being (Arbiastutie & Diba, 2021;Bibi et al, 2019;Islam et al, 2022;Tamalene et al, 2021), protection from natural hazards (Hochard et al, 2021;Kathiresan & Rajendran, 2005;Sandilyan & Kathiresan, 2015), as well as their value for blue carbon and climate regulation (Adame et al, 2018(Adame et al, , 2021Gevaña et al, 2018;Song et al, 2021).…”

Diversity of endophytic bacteria isolated from mangrove Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lam.) and Rhizopora mucronata Poir. originated from Enggano island

“…This is because mangroves contain beneficial bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, polyphenol, tannins, phenolates, chlorophyll, carotenoids, terpenoids and alkaloids [4]. People in general utilize mangroves for natural medicines purposes by taking their roots, stems, and leaves [5]. However, once the parts of the plant organs continue to be extensively used, there will be massive exploitation that potentially leads to decreased availability or even promoting extinction.…”

Perception of malaria and cultural diversity of antimalarial plants in three sympatric communities: Agni, Akyé and Gwa in the District of Alépé, Côte d’Ivoire

“…Malaria is the cause of many consultations and hospitalizations in health centers, hospitals, and clinics (Yetein et al 2013). However, the high costs of sanitary care lead many rural areas to use traditional medicine as an alternative solution to curing malaria (Ngarivhume et al 2015;Syahdar et al 2019;Tamalene et al 2021).…”