Utilization of light energy by the strictly aerobic bacterium Erythrobacter sp. OCH114.

Shiba, Tsuneo

doi:10.2323/jgam.30.239

Cited by 55 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…In this Erythrobacter sp. no clear evidence of photophosphorylation was present, although the ATP level in intact cells increased after prolonged illumination (17). The difficulty was in the unexpected dependence of phosphorylation on the presence of 02 in the reaction mixture, which easily became anaerobic by respiration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…can utilize light energy under aerobic conditions. CO2 incorporation and ATP levels in intact cells were enhanced by light (17), and the bacterial cell yield was increased about twofold above that of a dark-grown culture when the aerobically grown culture was illuminated at a high light intensity after a preceding dark period (24 h) (K. Harashima, K. Kawazoe, and I. Yoshida, Abstr. 5th Int.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Photophosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation in intact cells and chromatophores of an aerobic photosynthetic bacterium, Erythrobacter sp. strain OCh114

Okamura¹,

Mitsumori²,

Ito³

et al. 1986

J Bacteriol

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Light-induced ATP synthesis was studied in intact cells and chromatophores of Erythrobacter sp. strain OChll4. ATP synthesis was measured by both the pH method and the luciferin-luciferase luminescence method. The rate of ATP synthesis was moderate (a typical value of 0.65 mol of ATP per mol of bacteriochlorophyll per min), and synthesis was inhibited by antimycin A. ATP was synthesized under illumination only under aerobic conditions and not under anaerobic conditions. This characteristic was similar to that of other light-induced energy transduction processes in this bacterial species, such as oxidation of reaction center, oxidation of cytochrome c55l, and translocation of H+, which were not observed under anaerobic conditions. This phenomenon was reconciled with the fact that the Erythrobacter sp. could not grow anaerobically even in the light. The characteristics of oxidative phosphorylation and ATP hydrolysis were also investigated. The respiratory ratio of chromatophores was 2.3. Typical rates of oxidative phosphorylation by NADH and by succinate were 2.9 mol of ATP per mol of bacteriochlorophylH per min (P/O = 0.22) and 1.1 mol of ATP per mol of bacteriochlorophyll per min (P/O = 0.19), respectively. A typical rate of ATP hydrolysis was 0.25 mol of ATP per mol of bacteriochlorophyHl per min in chromatophores. ATPase and adenylate kinase are also involved in the metabolism of adenine nucleotides in this bacterium.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Photophosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation in intact cells and chromatophores of an aerobic photosynthetic bacterium, Erythrobacter sp. strain OCh114

Okamura¹,

Mitsumori²,

Ito³

et al. 1986

J Bacteriol

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“…However, none of the AAnPB isolates has yet been grown autotrophically, and the key enzyme of the Calvin cycle, ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase, has not been found in any AAnPB species (93). Nonetheless, light stimulation of CO 2 uptake was detected in several species (33,77,78,85). Although the degree of CO 2 fixation seems too low for purely autotrophic growth, it could provide additional organic carbon intermediates for an otherwise purely heterotrophic metabolism.…”

Section: Bacteriochlorophyll-containing Bacteria: Aerobic Anoxygenic mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for the Ubiquity of Mixotrophic Bacteria in the Upper Ocean: Implications and Consequences

Eiler

2006

Appl Environ Microbiol

123

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Microorganisms are usually grouped into those relying solely on harvesting light (phototrophy) or those relying solely on the assimilation of organic or inorganic compounds (chemotrophy) to meet their requirements for energy. As a carbon source for biomass production, they can use either inorganic carbon (autotrophy) or organic substances (heterotrophy) ( Table 1). Most biogeochemical studies of marine environments use the dichotomy of grouping microorganisms into photo(auto)trophs (primary producers like algae and cyanobacteria) and (organo)heterotrophs (secondary producers, like most heterotrophic bacteria) (see, for example, references 2 and 74).It is well known that metabolic modes of aquatic microorganisms are more diverse than that, and modes such as mixotrophy, chemoautotrophy, chemoheterotrophy, or photoheterotrophy do exist. For microeukaryotes, mixotrophy is a widespread phenomenon in aquatic habitats and is observed in many organisms (see, for example, references 16, 62, 82, and 83). Some Bacteria, like purple nonsulfur bacteria (anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria), are also able to alter between photo-, hetero-, auto-, litho-, and organotrophy, depending on the environmental conditions (93).Although mixotrophic bacteria, which invest in both phototrophic and heterotrophic enzymatic apparatuses and combine them with autotrophic and/or organotrophic strategies, have been isolated from various aquatic environments (see, for example, references 66, 75, and 93), their contribution to total biomass and their importance for biogeochemical processes in aquatic systems have been ignored.However, recent genome data of two Prochlorococcus strains (67) and one Synechococcus strain (56), together with results from isotope tracer uptake experiments (45,97,98), suggest that at least certain strains of these ubiquitous picocyanobacteria are not pure photoautotrophs and can take up organic compounds.Cyanobacteria are not the only bacteria that can harvest light energy. Aerobic anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria (AAnPB) use mainly bacteriochlorophyll a (Bchl-a) for photosynthesis (for example, see references 75 and 93), whereas other bacteria can use proteorhodopsin, a light-driven proton pump (3,13,17,23). Isolated representatives of these bacteria usually use organic carbon for cell synthesis and are characterized as photo(organo)heterotrophs (22-24, 63, 93).Genetic community surveys suggest that AAnPB and proteorhodopsin-containing bacteria (PRB) are common in surface waters throughout the oceans of the world and can make up a substantial fraction of the bacterial community in oligotrophic marine environments (see, for example, references 3-5, 10, 34, 35, 69-72, 80, and 89). Furthermore, it has been shown that phylogenetic clades, including organisms with photoreceptors, can be significant in degradation processes of organic compounds (43-45). These observations suggest that mixotrophic bacteria may be major players in photo-, hetero-, auto-, and organotrophic processes in the upper ocean, which may demand a thorou...

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“…Microorganisms of this physiological type have been referred to as the aerobic photosynthetic bacteria, with exclusion of the cyanobacteria being understood (39). Some are capable of photophosphorylation and may even possess photosynthetic reaction centers, although they appear not to be phototrophic (10,24,26,38,42,52).…”

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Porphyrobacter neustonensis gen. nov., sp. nov., an Aerobic Bacteriochlorophyll-Synthesizing Budding Bacterium from Fresh Water

Fuerst

Hawkins

Holmes

et al. 1993

International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology

122

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Four strains of orange-or red-pigmented bacteria isolated from freshwater surfaces were shown to synthesize bacteriochlorophyll under aerobic conditions. These strains shared unusual morphological features, such as acellular stalks, crateriformlike structures, and buds, with bacteria in the order Plunctomycetules. However, comparisons of 16s rRNA sequences showed them to be members of the (11-4 subdivision of the class Proteobucteriu and most closely related to the marine aerobic bacteriochlorophyll-synthesizing bacterium Erythrobacter longus. They also differ from members of the Plunctomycetules phenotypically in their synthesis of bacteriochlorophyll and possession of a peptidoglycan cell wall. They can be distinguished from E. longus on the basis of their 16s rRNA sequence, the G+C content of their DNA, cellular fatty acid composition, and carbon substrate spectrum. A new genus, Porphyrobucter, with a single species, P. neustonensis gen. nov., sp. nov., is proposed for these strains. The type strain is ACM 2844.Classical anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria typically exhibit repression of bacteriochlorophyll synthesis under aerobic conditions. Strains of several bacterial genera have however been shown to synthesize bacteriochlorophyll under aerobic conditions. Such bacteria include Erythrobacter longus (12, 41), "Erythrobacter sibericus" (61), Roseobacter litoralis and Roseobacter denitrificans (formerly Elythrobacter strain OCh 114) (40), Methylobacterium species (34), Rhodospirillum centenum (60), mutants of Rhodobacter sphaeroides (19,44), and the stem-nodulating Rhizobium strain BTAi 1 (6). The hot-spring mat bacterium Heliothk oregonensis may also synthesize bacteriochlorophyll aerobically under in situ conditions in nature, although this bacterium has not been grown in pure culture (29,30). Microorganisms of this physiological type have been referred to as the aerobic photosynthetic bacteria, with exclusion of the cyanobacteria being understood (39). Some are capable of photophosphorylation and may even possess photosynthetic reaction centers, although they appear not to be phototrophic (10,24,26,38,42,52).We have isolated bacteria capable of synthesizing bacteriochlorophyll under aerobic conditions from fresh water. These bacteria thus bear superficial resemblance to Erythrobacter species including the marine E. longus and the freshwater "E. sibericus." However, our freshwater strains also share some morphological and ultrastructural features with a distinctive group of budding bacteria distant from the class Proteobacteria, the planctomycetes. They display budding reproduction in a similar manner to that seen in the planctomycetes, produce some form of noncellular multifibrillar stalk or fascicle, and possess negative stain-collecting pits in the cell surface, termed crateriform structures, thought to be specific to planctomycetes (36). The phylogenetic possibility thus arose that these bacteria might be related to a quite distinct phylum of eubacteria distant from the Proteobacteria and furthermore on...

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Utilization of light energy by the strictly aerobic bacterium Erythrobacter sp. OCH114.

Cited by 55 publications

References 6 publications

Photophosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation in intact cells and chromatophores of an aerobic photosynthetic bacterium, Erythrobacter sp. strain OCh114

Photophosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation in intact cells and chromatophores of an aerobic photosynthetic bacterium, Erythrobacter sp. strain OCh114

Evidence for the Ubiquity of Mixotrophic Bacteria in the Upper Ocean: Implications and Consequences

Porphyrobacter neustonensis gen. nov., sp. nov., an Aerobic Bacteriochlorophyll-Synthesizing Budding Bacterium from Fresh Water

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