Utilization of Acetic and Propionic Acids in Sheep

Reid, Richard

doi:10.1038/165448a0

Cited by 16 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…It is possible that propionylcholine might make its appearance in a similar way from choline, an ubiquitous tissue constituent, and propionic acid, formed with other lower fatty acids (cf. Gray, Pilgrim, Rodda & Weller, 1951) in the ruminant stomach and thence absorbed into the blood stream (Reid, 1950). We do not think this likely, as care was taken to avoid evaporating our extracts to dryness and the bath temperature was not allowed to exceed 400 C. Smith (1952) has pointed out that a single substance may, in the presence of salt and in an improperly equilibrated column, migrate as more than one band.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The occurrence of homologues of acetylcholine in ox spleen

Banister¹,

Whittaker²,

Wijesundera³

1953

The Journal of Physiology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The occurrence of homologues of acetylcholine in ox spleen

Banister¹,

Whittaker²,

Wijesundera³

1953

The Journal of Physiology

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“…Reid (1950) has shown that the hypoglycaemia produced by injection of insulin is relieved by propionate.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Thus, iu view of tlie "relatively large amounts of acetate and propionate that are dealt with each day by the sheep, the metabolic routes of these compounds are of considerable interest.The work of Ringer (1912) and of Deucl, Butts, Hallmau and Cutler (1935) revealed the glucogenic nature of propionate when administered to dogs, and this is also true for the phlorhizinised sheep (PhiUipson, 1947;Jarrett, 1948). Reid (1950) has shown that the hypoglycaemia produced by injection of insulin is relieved by propionate.The metabolic effect of butyric acid ha.s usually been considered in relation to the metabolism of fat and to the production of ketone bodies (Stadie, 1946). However, there is evidence to indicate that carbon atoms of butyrate may be incorporated into liver glycogen (Lifson, Lorber, Sakami and Wood, 1948).Acetate is known to be an important source of carbon atoms for a number of biological syntheses (Bloch, 1947), and although observations of the fate of acetic acid in phlorhizinised animals (Ringer and Lusk, 1910;Deuel and Milhorat, 1928;Jarrett and Potter, 1950a) indicate that acetate is not glucogenic, Lorbor, Lifson and Wood (1945) suggest that carbon atoms from acetate may be incorporated in the glucose molecule.…”

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confidence: 99%

Lower Fatty Acids in the Intermediary Metabolism of Sheep

Jarrett

Filsell

1952

Aust J Exp Biol Med

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Acetic, propionic and butyric acids which ai'e formed by bacterial fermentation in the paunch of ruminants assume an import^aiit role in the metabolism of these animals (Marston, 1939(Marston, , 1948 PhiUipson, 1947 PhiUipson, , 1948. Although the greater part of the energy requirements of the sheep are met by lower fatty acids which arise in this way by microbial dissimilation of carbohydrates, the capacity of the individual acids to provide useful energy to the animal probably differs widely (Marston, 1948). Thus, iu view of tlie "relatively large amounts of acetate and propionate that are dealt with each day by the sheep, the metabolic routes of these compounds are of considerable interest.The work of Ringer (1912) and of Deucl, Butts, Hallmau and Cutler (1935) revealed the glucogenic nature of propionate when administered to dogs, and this is also true for the phlorhizinised sheep (PhiUipson, 1947;Jarrett, 1948). Reid (1950) has shown that the hypoglycaemia produced by injection of insulin is relieved by propionate.The metabolic effect of butyric acid ha.s usually been considered in relation to the metabolism of fat and to the production of ketone bodies (Stadie, 1946). However, there is evidence to indicate that carbon atoms of butyrate may be incorporated into liver glycogen (Lifson, Lorber, Sakami and Wood, 1948).Acetate is known to be an important source of carbon atoms for a number of biological syntheses (Bloch, 1947), and although observations of the fate of acetic acid in phlorhizinised animals (Ringer and Lusk, 1910;Deuel and Milhorat, 1928;Jarrett and Potter, 1950a) indicate that acetate is not glucogenic, Lorbor, Lifson and Wood (1945) suggest that carbon atoms from acetate may be incorporated in the glucose molecule. It seems probable, however, that while glucose cannot be formed from acetate itself, their metabolism is interlinked.As a part of an investigation of intermediary metabolism of fatty acids in the sheep, the fate of acetate and butyrate in relation to propionate when injected into the blood stream has been examined. A group of twelve Merino ewes ael. 3-5 years were confined to peii9 and fed on chaffed wheaten hay and lucerne. During the period of the experiment the animals were kept in metaboUsm cages and food offered for 3-5 hours during the afternoonB.The concentrations of ketone bodies, of sugar and of lactic and iiyruvic acids were determined in the blood of seven of the sheep concurrently with those of the volatile aeids subsequent to tlie intravenous injection of 5 mM/kg. of acetic or propionic acids or of a mixture of the two. These solutions were neutralized to pH 7-0 with caustic soda; the volume administered was 120 ml. for the individual acids aniT 240 ml. for the mixture. Similar observations were carried out on five of the sheep after the injection of bntyric acid. A few experiments were also performed using 2-5 luM/kg. instead of the larger amount of acid. In addition, observations were made following the injection of a solution of hypertonic saline or of a solution o...

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“…The order of absorption rates was: acetate>propionate>butyrate, but the concentration of the acids in the blood from the rumen veins was not proportional to the rate at which the acids disappeared from the rumen. Reid (88,103), like Schambye, found a fall of blood VFA during fasting. It was obvious that not only the liver but also the rumen wall participated in some kind of active metabolism of butyric and propionic acids, and in partial support of this hypothesis it was found that as volatile fatty acid was absorbed through the rumen wall it was in part replaced by incoming chloride and bicarbonate.…”

Section: Volatile Fatty Acidsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Butyric acid (but not propionic) was converted to ketone bodies (mainly aceto-acetic acid). Reid (103) has found that propionic acid relieves the hypoglycaemia induced by insulin in adrenalectomized sheep, almost as rapidly as does glucose itself. Thus Masson & Phillipson's results were explained in so far as butyric is concerned.…”

Section: Volatile Fatty Acidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section A. Physiology of dairy cattle: Part II. Physiology and Biochemistry of Rumination

Owen

1954

Journal of Dairy Research

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Since the time of the previous review in this series by the present author it has been increasingly realized that the ruminant's adaptation to its herbivorous diet is very far-reaching. The biochemical consequences of its need for coarse roughage are still being worked out and have necessitated a reassessment of the causes of bovine ketosis, of the function of lower fatty acids in its blood and of the reasons for its large requirement of cobalt. Recent work on all these three aspects of ruminant metabolism is discussed in this review. The cow's chief function is to convert into milk vegetable materials, many of which are unsuitable for human consumption. Ac-, cordingly, some of the nutritional aspects of this conversion process have been discussed in the review. The literature on the subject has been reasonably well listed, but the author cannot claim that he has not perhaps inadvertently omitted certain pertinent new work. GENERAL Sherwood & Jones(l) found that alfalfa hay plus a mixture of wheat, barley and oats gave 20% more milk than the hay alone. Milk yield was also enhanced by adding the succulents squash and Jerusalem artichoke to the hay diet. Groups of cows receiving the concentrates needed 5-6 lb. more total digestible nutrients to produce 100 lb. milk, and the authors conclude that feeding of succulents is profitable only if they produce nutrients as cheaply as does hay. Watson, Davidson, Kennedy & Sylvestre(2) compared the digestibility of rations of hay plus increasing amounts of oats. As oats increased the digestibility decreased. This effect was most marked with barley, not so marked with oats and was only slight with linseed oil meal. Feeding standards are still the subject of informed criticism in Europe(3,4,5). Nehring(3) concludes that Kellner's starch equivalents cannot be used for pigs without prior respiration calorimetry. Blaxter(4) finds large discrepancies between different methods of computing rations for livestock, and Nicholls(5) enters a plea for food recording as a complement to milk recording. The trouble with all attempts to define standards for grazing animals is the extreme variability from year to year, from field to field, from treatment to treatment and from animal to animal of the nutrients provided by grass and hay or silage. Much current research all over the world is designed to measure more accurately the nutrient intake of cattle and sheep from pasture, with a view to striking a better balance between protein and fibre in the diet, always remembering that the content of fibre biologically best for maximal production per cow may not necessarily give the maximal production per acre. This may come from more cows per acre at somewhat more fibre per cow than would give maximal production per cow. In this connexion the observations of Hancock (6) are pertinent. He points out that the maximum production per animal does not necessarily yield the greatest net returns. In practice this can be achieved by a number of cows per acre too high for maximum productivity per cow or fo...

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Utilization of Acetic and Propionic Acids in Sheep

Cited by 16 publications

References 2 publications

The occurrence of homologues of acetylcholine in ox spleen

The occurrence of homologues of acetylcholine in ox spleen

Lower Fatty Acids in the Intermediary Metabolism of Sheep

Section A. Physiology of dairy cattle: Part II. Physiology and Biochemistry of Rumination

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