Uso potencial de las aguas residuales en la agricultura

Abstract

La contaminación del agua, aire, suelo y alimentos es una consecuencia colateral de las actividades que el hombre ha desarrollado para vivir y mejorar su calidad de vida. El desarrollo del ser humano, su crecimiento continuo desde la época de la revolución industrial ha dejado daños y degradación en los recursos naturales. En su crecimiento demográfico, científico y tecnológico el ser humano no ha realizado los esfuerzos suficientes para preservar sustentablemente los recursos naturales. Dentro de tales recursos, el agua es uno de los primordiales y vital para todas las formas de vida, pero cada día está más escaso el recurso en forma saludable. Debido a múltiples factores asociados al crecimiento demográfico, la urbanización y la industrialización, todas igualmente causas directas e indirectas del cambio climático. El tratamiento y uso de aguas residuales constituye un reto, porque con frecuencia esa es la única opción con la que cuentan los agricultores. Así, estas aguas representan un recurso valioso, tanto desde el punto de vista económico como ambiental (conservación de recursos hídricos, reciclaje de nutrientes). En la actualidad, cerca de 80% de las aguas residuales son dispuestas sin tratamiento son usadas para riego agrícola, representando un problema sanitario significativo (por la presencia de elementos patógenos y tóxicos).

Impact of the Use of Treated Wastewater with Constructed Wetlands in the Irrigation of Phaseolus vulgaris: Safety Evaluation and Detection of Microplastics using FT-IR

“…In general, meeting the demands of human needs becomes increasingly difficult [10], the problems of water scarcity and population increase are the main situations that have led humanity to take radical measures. to quickly meet food security (UN, 2023), including arid and semi-arid regions; Some examples of these measures are the use of low-quality water sources, extraction of groundwater [11], use of sewage sludge as fertilizer for crop lands [12], the implementation of technical irrigation systems [13], ), the use of fertilizers, herbicides, insecticides, pesticides, fungicides, nematicides and pesticides, to prevent, eradicate and/or solve weed, pest and/or diseases, also used for the growth and/or maturation of the fruit and/or enrichment of the land; Unfortunately, it has been recognized that the excess use of these has come to affect the fertility of the land [14,15] [ 16,17].…”

“…[18]; furthermore, simultaneously the practice of irrigating crops, such as vegetables, fruit trees, cereals, legumes, corn and vegetables with untreated wastewater, has become common. Such is the situation in Mexico, where 85% of its crops are irrigated with this type of water [10].…”

Pb and Cr Content in an Agricultural Soil Irrigated with Wastewater and Their Bioaccumulation in Alfalfa

“…According to Hanseok et al (2016), more than 10% of the world's population consumes agricultural products irrigated with wastewater. It is recommended that wastewater used in agriculture be treated; however, in most cases, untreated wastewater is used (Mendoza-Retana et al, 2021). Wastewater provides benefits, but it can contain heavy metals, fecal coliforms, oils, fats, hydrocarbons, etc., which can affect soil balance, alter soil properties, and potentially impact the health of consumers of the cultivated products (Mateo-Sagasta et al, 2015).…”

“…The use of wastewater in agriculture should involve treated wastewater, but there are still many regions in the world, including Mexico, that use untreated wastewater (Mendoza-Retana et al, 2021). According to Siebe (1994), the metals introduced through irrigation accumulate in the arable layer, and over time, their levels increase, potentially reaching levels that could pose a risk to the environment.…”