Using the genetic diversity of the Malus genus to solve the priority areas of breeding

Abstract

The breeding use of the most valuable species and interspecies forms of fruit plants remains currently the most important biological resource for creating the varieties with increased adaptability to the complex of abioand biotic stressors of the environment, improved biochemical composition of fruits and with other important features for breeding. The results of a long-term study (2005-2019) of interspecific hybrid forms of apple-tree-representatives of the Malus genus, growing in the North Caucasus Region of Russia are presented. The aim of the study is to identify the most rapid and productive interspecific hybrid forms of apple-tree with polygenic and oligogenic types of scab resistance (Venturia inaequalis (Cook) G. Winter). Modern breeding programs and methods were used. We have identified the early-fruiting interspecies apple forms created with the participation of the summer Melba variety, the species of M. purpurea. It is allocated the elite and selected apple forms resistant to scab with a high average yield (29.03-40.03 t/ha), high indicators of total yield (377.27-520.33 t/he) from hybrid families with the participation of species: M. atrosanguinea 804/240-57, M. floribunda 821, M. purpurea and the large-fruited form No. 62 (created with the participation of Golden Delicious 4x, Wolf River, M. atrosanguinea 804/240-57) with fruits of 202.3 g an average weight.

Use of apple tree gene pool to create adaptive cultivars with high quality fruits

“…Hardy, reliable local cultivars or landraces have been widely used as sources of stable winter resistance, early maturity, yield. Many local cultivars are widely used in variety breeding in central Russia, Volga region, Urals, Siberia, Altai, south of the country, Belarus, Baltic, and Scandinavian countries [2,6,[22][23][24][25][26][27].…”

Comprehensive study of Malus genus resources for the creation of adaptive grades

“…), Is a rather laborious, energy-consuming and time-consuming process. Despite the fact that in recent years there has been a tendency for its reduction [1,2], various methods and ways of improving its efficiency and significant acceleration are still relevant [2][3][4][5]. One of the ways to achieve high breeding results in the world in the shortest possible time for the most valuable fruit plants, including the apple tree, is an in-depth study of the entire genetic potential of biological resources of crops, especially with the use of modern methods of molecular genetics, cytology, biochemistry, information technology, etc., for active targeted use in the breeding process [3,[7][8][9][10].…”

“…The use of interspecific hybridization is aimed at improving the commercial attractiveness of the material being created and the biochemical composition of the fruits, enhancing the signs of resistance to bio-and abiotic stress factors, which is associated with high productivity and stable fruiting of the obtained sample under the influence of stressors [3,10,11]. Classical breeding methods of induced polyploidy, clone breeding, induced mutagenesis and distant hybridization can enhance the biodiversity of the resulting hybrid material, increase the number of different variations in the combination of leading agrobiological traits in hybrid offspring, accelerate and increase the likelihood of obtaining valuable samples [5,6,12]. Often, according to the most valuable breeding characteristics for a culture, species and semi-cultural forms, interspecific hybrids, polyploids, local grades, as well as varieties and forms obtained on their basis are more capable of exhibiting inherited variability [13][14][15].…”

Genetic resources of the genus Malus as the basis for the accelerated creation of domestic adaptive apple tree varieties

“…The method of remote hybridization, especially interspecific hybridization, which is currently most frequently used in the breeding of the most important agricultural perennial plants, including apple trees, is aimed at improving the created sample according to the characteristics of stability and adaptability to abio-and biotic stressors of the environment, which are closely related to the manifestation of increased and stable productivity of the genotype under stressful conditions, as well as at strengthening the qualitative and biochemical composition of fruits [1][2][3][4]. Active use of the induced polyploidy and remote hybridization methods in fruit plant breeding, including their combination or sequential application, helps to enhance the diversity of qualitative and quantitative significant traits of hybrid progeny, increase the number of combinations and variations of the most important economic traits in new genotypes, increasing the probability of creating the most valuable ones for breeding and production use [2,[5][6][7].…”

“…Active use of the induced polyploidy and remote hybridization methods in fruit plant breeding, including their combination or sequential application, helps to enhance the diversity of qualitative and quantitative significant traits of hybrid progeny, increase the number of combinations and variations of the most important economic traits in new genotypes, increasing the probability of creating the most valuable ones for breeding and production use [2,[5][6][7]. In order to speed up obtaining the most important results for the priority goals of a long and time-consuming breeding process, most of the world's scientists successfully use the entire genetic potential of cultural biodiversity to create the latest improved genotypes of leading fruit plants, including apple trees [1,3,[8][9][10]. The breeding use of only a small number of initial forms leads to a serious decrease in the resulting biodiversity, hindering the successful solution of breeding problems [8].…”