Using Phage as A Highly Specific Antibiotic Alternative Against Methicillin Resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Abstract

Misuse of antibiotics in humans and animals often leads to the developmentofmultidrug resistance (MDR)bacteria. Resistance can occur within a few years of novel antibiotics being introduced. Lytic bacteriophage (phage) are a kind of virus that undergo a cyclical lifestyle wherein they infect and replicate through the use of a bacterial host cell and cause cell lysis. Phage recognizes specific receptors on their host cell to attach to,insert their DNA and take over their host's molecular machinery. These receptors only exist on the surface of specific bacterial host cells and are often not present on other non-specific bacteria and not especially on the surfaces of eukaryotic cells. The mechanisms by which phage can destroy bacteria are different from antibiotics; phage can lyse MDR resistant bacteria without being affected by hydrolytic enzymes or ribosomal variations that's mean unlike drug resistance mechanism which bacteria can destroy the drug before can inter the bacteria cell, the phage not effected with such enzyme.

Predicting the Future: Phage Therapy

“…Usually broad host phage isolated from aquatic sample [5] and maybe rapidly isolated from environment [6]. Phage can burst bacterial cell in different mechanism from other antibiotic without collateral damage to microbial flora [7], (Table 1).…”

Specification of Bacteriophage Isolated Against Clinical Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

“…A phage is a type of virus that can attack and destroy bacterial cells [8]. Twelve distinct groups of phages have been discovered which are highly specific against bacterial species [9]. The order of Caudovirales bacteriophages can be categorized into 3 major families including Siphoviridae , Myoviridae , and Podoviridae .…”

“…The order of Caudovirales bacteriophages can be categorized into 3 major families including Siphoviridae , Myoviridae , and Podoviridae . All members of the Caudovirales order, have double stranded DNA, with a morphological head and tail structure [9]. The typical structure of a phage includes a head that is filled with DNA or RNA, and a tail used for injection of the genome into the bacterial cells.…”

Sewage as a rich source of phage study against Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO

“…Bacteriophages (phages) are an order of viruses that are able to infect bacteria, resulting usually in propagative lysis (lytic cycle) or lysogenization (lysogenic cycle) of the infected cell [5,6]. Depending on the species of the phage and host, conditions of the infection and the composition of media, phages can produce burst sizes between 50 and 250 progeny per cell per infective life cycle.…”