“…For instance, under the Rivers and DeSchriver (2002) system, such superstar players as Cal Ripken, Derek Jeter, Ichiro Suzuki, Ozzie Smith, and Ken Griffey Jr., would fail to register a single ''star point'' during some of their peak years of popularity. Mullin and Dunn (2002) take a different approach to the definition of stardom, implicitly suggesting that ''star quality'' is a set of intangible characteristics, distinct from performance, that fans are willing to pay to see. To estimate this, the authors regress a player's current-year baseball card price on measures of his performance, with the residual representing the unexplained ''star quality.''…”