“…Second, the proposed model only considered private autonomous cars. However, with the development of vehicle automation and the sharing economy, a mix of normal human-driven cars, autonomous cars, and shared autonomous cars can be expected to coexist in the next few decades, affecting the way of travel (e.g., Haboucha et al, 2017;Tian et al, 2021). Autonomous cars, especially when combined with shared use, may contribute to reducing or solving some of the most intractable urban problems, such as traffic congestion, road traffic accidents, and inefficient use of urban spaces.…”