Using an explicit emission tagging method in global modeling of source‐receptor relationships for black carbon in the Arctic: Variations, sources, and transport pathways

Wang, Hailong; Rasch, Philip J.; Easter, Richard C.; Singh, Balwinder; Zhang, Rudong; Ma, Po‐Lun; Qian, Yun; Ghan, Steven J.; Beagley, Nathaniel

doi:10.1002/2014jd022297

Cited by 115 publications

(169 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…et al, 2010; Sharma et al, 2013;Wang et al, 2014). The larger contribution from Russia than Europe in this study is consistent with recent studies using newly developed emissions, including gas flaring (Stohl et al, 2013;Huang et al, 2015).…”

Section: Source Contributions To the Annual Budget Of Bc In The Arcticsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…Among the source regions in East Asia, North China (NCH-AN) had the most significant contribution of 29.4 % (see the Supplement, Table S2). The dominance from East Asia in the middle troposphere is consistent with previous studies (Wang et al, , 2014. The relative contribution from RUS-AN was 9.8 % at 5 km of altitude, which was much less than that at the surface (62 %).…”

Section: Source Contributions To the Annual Budget Of Bc In The Arcticsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…These previous studies revealed that major BC sources transported to the Arctic were anthropogenic emissions in Europe, Russia, Asia, and North America. However, the relative importance among these source regions is still rather uncertain or even contradictory because the estimated contributions to Arctic BC vary in earlier studies (Wang et al, 2014). For instance, while Lagrangian trajectory model analyses suggested that northern Eurasia was the major source of BC near the surface in the Arctic (Stohl, 2006;Hirdman et al, 2010), Koch and Hansen (2005) estimated that the degree of the contribution from South and East Asia was similar to that from Europe and Russia during winter and spring.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, while Lagrangian trajectory model analyses suggested that northern Eurasia was the major source of BC near the surface in the Arctic (Stohl, 2006;Hirdman et al, 2010), Koch and Hansen (2005) estimated that the degree of the contribution from South and East Asia was similar to that from Europe and Russia during winter and spring. In the middle troposphere over the Arctic, some studies suggested that the contributions from Europe and/or Russia were larger than or comparable to those from Asia Huang et al, 2010;Sharma et al, 2013), but other studies indicated that the contribution from Asia was dominant (Koch and Hansen, 2005;Wang et al, 2011Wang et al, , 2014. This highlights the need for and importance of a mechanistic understanding of transport pathways and wet removal processes during long-range transport from individual major source regions to the Arctic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous efforts to investigate the source regions of BC in the Arctic were made using a Lagrangian trajectory model (Stohl, 2006;Hirdman et al, 2010) and chemical transport models (Koch and Hansen, 2005;Shindell et al, 2008;Huang et al, 2010;Bourgeois and Bey, 2011;Wang et al, 2011Wang et al, , 2014Sharma et al, 2013;Qi et al, 2017c). These previous studies revealed that major BC sources transported to the Arctic were anthropogenic emissions in Europe, Russia, Asia, and North America.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tagged tracer simulations of black carbon in the Arctic: transport, source contributions, and budget

et al. 2017

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Abstract. We implemented a tagged tracer method of black carbon (BC) into a global chemistry transport model, GEOSChem, examined the pathways and efficiency of long-range transport from a variety of anthropogenic and biomass burning emission sources to the Arctic, and quantified the source contributions of individual emissions. Firstly, we evaluated the simulated BC by comparing it with observations at the Arctic sites and examined the sensitivity of an aging parameterization and wet scavenging rate by ice clouds. For tagging BC, we added BC tracers distinguished by source types (anthropogenic and biomass burning) and regions; the global domain was divided into 16 and 27 regions for anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions, respectively. Our simulations showed that BC emitted from Europe and Russia was transported to the Arctic mainly in the lower troposphere during winter and spring. In particular, BC transported from Russia was widely spread over the Arctic in winter and spring, leading to a dominant contribution of 62 % to the Arctic BC near the surface as the annual mean. In contrast, BC emitted from East Asia was found to be transported in the middle troposphere into the Arctic mainly over the Sea of Okhotsk and eastern Siberia during winter and spring. We identified an important "window" area, which allowed a strong incoming of East Asian BC to the Arctic (130-180 • E and 3-8 km of altitude at 66 • N). The model demonstrated that the contribution from East Asia to the Arctic had a maximum at about 5 km of altitude due to uplifting during long-range transport in early spring. The efficiency of BC transport from East Asia to the Arctic was lower than that from other large source regions such as Europe, Russia, and North America. However, the East Asian contribution was the most important for BC in the middle troposphere (41 %) and the BC burden over the Arctic (27 %) because of the large emissions from this region. These results suggested that the main sources of Arctic BC differed with altitude. The contribution of all the anthropogenic sources to Arctic BC concentrations near the surface was dominant (90 %) on an annual basis. The contributions of biomass burning in boreal regions (Siberia, Alaska, and Canada) to the annual total BC deposition onto the Arctic were estimated to be 12-15 %, which became the maximum during summer.

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Section: Source Contributions To the Annual Budget Of Bc In The Arcticsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Source Contributions To the Annual Budget Of Bc In The Arcticsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tagged tracer simulations of black carbon in the Arctic: transport, source contributions, and budget

et al. 2017

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How does increasing horizontal resolution in a global climate model improve the simulation of aerosol‐cloud interactions?

Lun

Rasch

Wang

et al. 2015

Geophysical Research Letters

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The Community Atmosphere Model Version 5 is run at horizontal grid spacing of 2, 1, 0.5, and 0.25°, with the meteorology nudged toward the Year Of Tropical Convection analysis, and cloud simulators and the collocated A‐Train satellite observations are used to explore the resolution dependence of aerosol‐cloud interactions. The higher‐resolution model produces results that agree better with observations, showing an increase of susceptibility of cloud droplet size, indicating a stronger first aerosol indirect forcing (AIF), and a decrease of susceptibility of precipitation probability, suggesting a weaker second AIF. The resolution sensitivities of AIF are attributed to those of droplet nucleation and precipitation parameterizations. The annual average AIF in the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes (where most anthropogenic emissions occur) in the 0.25° model is reduced by about 1 W m−2 (−30%) compared to the 2° model, leading to a 0.26 W m−2 reduction (−15%) in the global annual average AIF.

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What controls the seasonal cycle of black carbon aerosols in India?

et al. 2015

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The seasonal variability of black carbon (BC) aerosols in India is studied using high resolution (10 km) BC simulations conducted using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model coupled with Chemistry. The model reproduces the observed seasonality of surface BC fairly well over most parts of India but fails to capture the seasonality in the Himalayas and deviates from the observed BC magnitude at several sites. The errors in modeled BC are attributed to uncertainties in BC emissions and their diurnal cycle, planetary boundary layer height underestimation, and aerosol processes. Model results show distinct but opposite seasonality of BC in the lower (LT) and free troposphere (FT) with BC showing winter maximum and summer minimum in the LT and vice versa in the FT. Our analysis shows that BC seasonality is not driven by seasonality of the anthropogenic emissions but by changes in the regional meteorology through weakening of the horizontal transport and strengthening of the vertical transport of BC during summertime compared to winter. BC in both the LT and FT comes mostly from anthropogenic emissions followed by biomass burning emissions except during winter when long-distant sources become more important in the FT. BC in the FT is significantly affected by anthropogenic emissions from all parts of India. The source-receptor relationship changes seasonally, but the regional transport remains a significant contributor to BC loadings in the LT of India, highlighting the necessity of considering nonlocal sources along with local emissions when designing strategies for mitigating BC impacts on air quality.

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Using an explicit emission tagging method in global modeling of source‐receptor relationships for black carbon in the Arctic: Variations, sources, and transport pathways

Cited by 115 publications

References 75 publications

Tagged tracer simulations of black carbon in the Arctic: transport, source contributions, and budget

Tagged tracer simulations of black carbon in the Arctic: transport, source contributions, and budget

How does increasing horizontal resolution in a global climate model improve the simulation of aerosol‐cloud interactions?

What controls the seasonal cycle of black carbon aerosols in India?

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