Use of vegetable oils as transformer oils – a review

Rafiq, Muhammad; Lv, Yukun; Zhou, You; Ma, Kai; Wang, W.; Li, C.R.; Wang, Q.

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.032

Cited by 247 publications

(117 citation statements)

References 48 publications

(77 reference statements)

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“…Rapeseed oil contains a high number of saturated fatty acids which make the oil oxidation stable and thus usable in long-term applications. As was mentioned above, the application of natural esters in transformers has several pros and cons [2,6,12]. The main advantage is their environmental compatibility, biodegradability and high flash (<200 • C) and fire points (<300 • C).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A good biodegradable substance according to the standard is a substance which in the case of the contamination of soil, is naturally degraded by at least seventy percent by the soil bacteria in 28 days. This environmental property is an advantage in some technical solutions where devices require a liquid medium (for example, for cooling or to create a potential barrier to an electric field) for their operation and where there is a potential risk of soil contamination in the event of leakage [2]. Natural esters have this positive feature as they are examples of materials suitable for sustainable development applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of a Biodegradable Electro-Insulating Liquid and Its Subsequent Modification by Nanoparticles

et al. 2018

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Abstract:The paper is focused on the possibility of replacing petroleum-based oils used as electro-insulating fluids in high voltage machinery. Based on ten years of study the candidate base oil for the central European region is rapeseed (Brassica napus) oil. Numerous studies on the elementary properties of pure natural esters have been published. An advantage of natural ester use is its easy biodegradability, tested according to OECD-301D (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) standard, and compliance with sustainable development visions. A rapeseed oil base has been chosen for its better resistance to degradation in electric fields and its higher oxidation stability. The overall ester properties are not fully competitive with petroleum-based oils and therefore have to be improved. Percolation treatment and oxidation inhibition by a phenolic-type inhibitor is proposed and the resulting final properties are discussed. These resulting fluid properties are further improved using titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanoparticles with a silica surface treatment. This fluid has properties suitable for use in sealed distribution transformers with the advantage of a lower price in comparison with other currently used biodegradable fluids.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Biodegradable Electro-Insulating Liquid and Its Subsequent Modification by Nanoparticles

et al. 2018

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“…The gross profit margin was expected to be 22.81% higher in the DMC-based co-production of biofuels and chemicals due to the high revenue of glycerol carbonate [43,45,91]. Recently, the development of transformer insulating oil from bio-oil has been investigated [92]. Transformer insulating oil has a higher price than biodiesel.…”

Section: Enzymatic Process For Dmc-based Chemicals Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmentally-Benign Dimethyl Carbonate-Mediated Production of Chemicals and Biofuels from Renewable Bio-Oil

Kim

Lee

2017

Energies

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Due to the increasing emission of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), the development of fuels and chemicals based on renewable resources has attracted much attention. Bio-oil, as a carbon rich material, has been considered as a feedstock for biodiesel production. In conventional methanol-mediated transesterification of bio-oil for biodiesel production, significant amounts of glycerol are being generated as a byproduct. In order to overcome these issues, dimethyl carbonate (DMC) has been recently used as an alternative acyl acceptor to avoid the generation of glycerol. DMC is an environmentally-benign chemical reagent and reactive solvent due to safety, health, and environmental benefits. Moreover, DMC can be produced from CO 2 . Co-production of biodiesel and chemicals such as glycerol carbonate is possible as the concept of zero-waste utilization of bio-oil. Value-added chemicals can be synthesized using DMC as a reagent. This paper provides a review on the physical and chemical properties of DMC as a solvent, as well as the production methods for DMC. DMC-mediated production of various chemicals and fuels in both chemical and enzymatic processes are discussed together with their pros and cons.

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“…Many vegetable oils are consumed directly, or indirectly as ingredients in food and oils can be heated and used to cook other foods. Vegetable oils consist of triglycerides (Rafiq et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%